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Pharmacology > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of infectious diseases?

What types of medication treat these?

A 
Bacteria = Antibacterial
Viruses = Anti-viral
Fungi = Anti-fungal
Parasites = Anti-protozoal
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2
Q

State systemic signs and symptoms of infection

A 
Fever
Weakness
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Headache
Sore throat
Joint/muscle pain
Rash
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3
Q

State 4 cultures to investigate infection

A

Blood tests (FBC, WCC, CRP)
Urine samples (dipsticks)
Swabs (of sites)
Stool (pH, blood, parasites)

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4
Q

A bacteria cell has __ nucle(us/i), with two types of DNA. _____ DNA carries genetic information, whilst ____ DNA carries extra info. They have a ______ wall for rigid structure.

A

Zero nuclei; chromosomal; plasmid; peptidoglycan

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5
Q

What is gram staining?

A

Differentiating between bacteria based on their cell wall

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6
Q

What gram result will a bacteria with thick peptidoglycan layer produce?

A

Gram positive

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7
Q

What gram result will a bacteria with thin peptidoglycan layer produce?

A

Gram negative

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8
Q

Why do gram negative bacteria have an additional peptidoglycan layer?

A

To prevent antibiotics from penetrating cell, so harder to treat

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9
Q

Distinguish bacteriostatic drugs from bactericidal drugs?

A

Bacteriostatic: Inhibit bacteria growth but doesn’t kill
Bactericidal: Kills bacteria

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10
Q

State 4 ways antibacterials work

A
  • Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
  • Interact with plasma membrane
  • Inhibit cell metabolism incl. DNA/RNA
  • Disrupt protein synthesis
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11
Q

Outline beta-lactam rings in abx effectiveness

A
  • Abx contain beta-lactam ring in molecular structure
  • Beta-lactamases (enzyme) hydrolyses ring
  • Makes abx ineffective
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12
Q

What do beta-lactamase inhibitors do?

A

Stop action of beta-lactamase enzyme, reducing abx resistance

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13
Q

Penicillins are bacteri_____. They interfere with ____ and affect cell growth/division by binding to _________.

A

Bactericidal; interfere with cell wall synthesis; Penicillin Binding Protein

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14
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of penicillins?

A

Active against gram-positive and gram-negative

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15
Q

What are side effects of penicillins?

A

Allergy, skin rashes, fever, GI disturbances, hypernatraemia (IV)

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16
Q

Cephalasporins are bacteri______. They inhibit ______.

A

Bactericidal; inhibit cell wall synthesis

17
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of cephalasporins?

A

Broad. Primarily gram-positive, but new generations active against gram negative.

18
Q

What are side effects of cephalasporins?

A

5-10% allergy, skin rashes, fever, GI disturbances

19
Q

Macrolides are bacteri_________. They irreversibly bind to _____ so _____ synthesis is affected.

A

Bactericidal + bacteriostatic; ribosomes; protein synthesis

20
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of macrolides?

A

Most gram-positive bacteria

21
Q

What are side effects of macrolides?

A

GI disturbances, liver damage, jaundice

22
Q

Tetracyclines are bacteri_______. They inhibit mRNA production by __________.

A

Bacteriostatic; reversibly binding to ribosomes

23
Q

What is the spectrum of activity of tetracyclines?

A

Most gram positive and negative bacteria

24
Q

What are side effects of tetracyclines?

A

GI disturbances, photosensitivity.

AVOID in children.

25
Q

In what two ways can antibiotic resistance occur?

A

Natural (innate) = Entire species resistant before any abx introduced
Acquired = Once sensitive bacteria now resistant

26
Q

What mechanism of resistance does the following describe?

Antibiotic will eliminate sensitive organism within a bacterial population meaning only the resistant ones survive

A

Selection

27
Q

What mechanism of resistance does the following describe?

Susceptible bacterium becomes a resistant one and then proliferates

A

Mutation

28
Q

What mechanism of resistance does the following describe?

Exchange of genetic material

A

Transferred resistance

29
Q

What mechanism of resistance does the following describe?

Bacterium produces enzymes & target abx e.g. beta-lactamases on penicillins

A

Enzyme inactivation

30
Q

What mechanism of resistance does the following describe?

Alteration to bacteria so less antibiotics can enter and bind to its targets

A

Altered permeability

31
Q

What mechanism of resistance does the following describe?

Antibiotic target site (e.g. ribosomes) is altered so that antibiotic can no longer bind and is ineffective

A

Altered structure

32
Q

What are 3 current examples of antibiotic resistance?

A

MRSA, VRE, ESBL

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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