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pharmacology > pharmacology of the ANS > Flashcards

pharmacology of the ANS Flashcards

1
Q

sympathetic pregangilionic neurons

A

short

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2
Q

sympathetic postganglionic neurons

A

long

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3
Q

cholinergic preganglionics

A

sympathetic and parasympathetics

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4
Q

postganglionics are adrenergic

A

sympathetics

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5
Q

postganglionics are cholinergic

A

parasympathetics

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6
Q

postganglionic parasympathetics stimulate what?

A

muscarinic receptors

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7
Q

What do sympathetic post ganglionics stimulate?

A

alpha and beta receptors

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8
Q

Muscarinic stimulation causes

A

SLUD: salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea

miosis, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, negative chronotropic and inotropic heart changes

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9
Q

What does beta 1 sympathetic stimulation cause?

A

+ionotropic
+chronotropic
responses in the heart

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10
Q

What does beta 2 sympathetic stimulation cause?

A

bronchodilation
relaxation of myometrium
insulin release

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11
Q

What does alpha 1 sympathetic stimulation cause?

A

vasoconstriction

mydriasis

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12
Q

What does alpha 2 sympathetic stimulation cause?

A

reduces norepinephrine release

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13
Q

Parasympathomimetics include:

A

muscarinic receptor agonists

cholinesterase inhibitors

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14
Q

What does muscarinic stimulation cause?

A 
stimulates sphincter muscle of iris-->miosis
vasodilation of arterioles
-chronotropic and -inotropic heart
bronchoconstriction
SLUD
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15
Q

What category is acetylcholine?

A

parasympathomimetic

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16
Q

What is the MOA of acetylcholine?

A

muscarinic and nicotinic agonist

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of acetylcholine?

A

rapidly hydrolyzed by esterases
acts on both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
quaternary ammonium group invokes polarity (not lipid soluble, not go to brain)

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18
Q

What category is bethanechol?

A

parasympathomimetic

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19
Q

What is the MOA of bethanechol?

A

muscarinic agonist

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20
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of bethanechol?

A

not metabolized by esterase enzymes
quaternary ammonium compound
affinity for gut and bladder smooth muscle
oral route preferred

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21
Q

What are the predictable characteristics of bethanechol?

A

no CNS effect

T1/2 allows distribution to areas of low blood flow

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22
Q

What are the predictable uses of behanechol?

A

gastroparesis
urinary retention
xerostomia
ocular diagnostics

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23
Q

What is category is pilocarpine?

A

parasympathomimetic

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24
Q

What is the MOA of pilocarpine?

A

muscarinic receptor agonist

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25
What are the distinguishing characteristics of pilocarpine?
preferential activity on sweat glands | resistant to esterases
26
What are the predictable characteristics of pilocarpine?
``` miotic and treatment of glaucoma causes accomodation treats xerostomia may cause CNS at high plasma levels diaphoresis is common side effect duration up to 8 hours ```
27
What category is neostigmine?
parasympathomimetic
28
What is the MOA of neostigmine?
reversible cholinesterase inhibitor
29
What are the distinctive characteristics of neostigmine?
slowly hydrolyzed | poorly absorbed following oral Rx
30
What are the predictable activities of neostigmine?
elevates Ach levels causes both muscarinic and nicotinic stimulation numerous peripheral side effects but not CNS
31
What are the predictable uses of neostigmine?
miosis and Rx glaucoma Rx myasthenia gravis antidote to some drugs (atropine) atonic gut and bladder
32
What category is malathione?
parasympathomimetic
33
What is the MOA of malathione?
irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor
34
What are the distinguishing characteristics of malathione?
tertiary ammonium compound binds covalently to esterase enzymes not hydrolyzed by esterase enzymes rapidly absorbed through multiple routes
35
What are the predictable characteristics of malathione?
``` SLUD and other ANS CNS disturbances no therapeutic use used as insecticide chemical weapons atropine=antidote ```
36
What category is atropine?
parasympatholytic
37
What is the MOA of atropine?
muscarinic receptor antagonist
38
What are the distinguishing characteristics of atropine?
tertiary ammonium (lipid soluble, crosses BBB) ester group required for activity resistant to hydrolysis by esterases metabolized in liver with T1/2 of about 4 hr
39
What are the predictable activities of atropine?
inhibits SLUD used in opthalmology-mydriasis and cycloplegia used as antidote to parasympathomimetics used to treat diarrhea
40
What category is Ipratropium?
parasympatholytic
41
What is the MOA of Ipratroprium?
muscarinic antagonist
42
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Ipratropium?
quaternary ammonium compound | minimal inhibition of mucociliary clearance
43
What are the predictable actions of Ipratropium?
no CNS effects bronchodilation limited mucous accumulation
44
What category is scopolamine?
parasympatholytic
45
What is the MOA of scopolamine?
muscarinic receptor antagonist
46
What are the distinguishing features of scopolamine?
greater CNS distribution than atropine | similar to atropine
47
What are the predictable actions of scopolamine?
greater CNS side effects and abuse potential than atropine used less frequently than atropine used to treat motion sickness
48
What are the ways to mimic the sympathetic nervous system?
stimulate adrenergic receptors promote release of norepinephrine prevent elimination of norepineprhine
49
What category is epinephrine?
sympathomimetic
50
What is the MOA of epinephrine?
stimulate alpha and beta receptors
51
What are the distinguishing characteristics of epinephrine?
metabolized in gut, blood, and mult tissues | more beta and less alpha activity than norepinephrine
52
What are the predictable characteristics and uses of epinephrine?
``` ineffective orally very short half life cardiac emergencies bronchospasm adjunct to local anesthesia ```
53
What are the predictable side effects of epinephrine?
tachycardia and increased force of contraction | blood pressure disturbance (usually hypertension)
54
What category is phenylephrine?
sympathomimetic
55
What is the MOA of phenylephrine?
alpha 1 receptor agonist
56
What are the distinguishing characteristics of phenylephrine?
effective orally | limited access to CNS
57
What are the uses of phenylephrine?
nasal decongestant | mydriatic (dilates the eyes)
58
What are the side effects of phenylephrine?
rebound congestion increased peripheral resistance reflex bradycardia
59
What is the category of clonidine?
sympathomimetic
60
What is the MOA of clonidine?
alpha 2 receptor agonist
61
What are the distinguishing characteristics of clonidine?
``` effective orally crosses BBB prefers alpha receptors in brainstem long half life and duration of action diminish discharge from medular vasomotor center ```
62
What are the predictable uses of clonidine?
antihypertensive
63
What are the predictable side effects of clonidine?
dry mouth sedation sexual dysfunction
64
What is the category of isoproterenol?
sympathomimetic
65
What is the MOA of isoproterenol?
beta 1 and 2 receptor agonist
66
What are the distinguishing characteristics of isoproterenol?
metabolized by COMT short duration of action both beta1 and beta 2
67
What are the predictable uses of isoproterenol?
cardiac arrest
68
What are the predictable actions of isoproterenol?
tachycardia bronchodilation replaced often by more selective beta agonists
69
What is the category of albuterol?
sympathomimetic
70
What is the MOA of albuterol?
beta 2 receptor agonist
71
What are the distinguishing characteristics of albuterol?
effective orally or inhalation limited cardiovascular effects duration of several hours
72
What is the predictable use of albuterol?
bronchodilator
73
What are the predictable side effects of albuterol?
weak and occasional tachycardia | vasodilation
74
What is the category of amphetamine?
sympathomimetic
75
What is the MOA of amphetamine?
stimulate release of norepinephrine and dopamine
76
What are the distinguishing characteristics of amphetamine?
enters CNS | inhibits MAO
77
What are the predicted actions of amphetamine?
alpha and beta stimulation by norepinephrine: vasoconstriction, cardiac stimulation, increased blood pressure, mydriasis CNS stim: euphoria, insomnia, anxiety, loss of appetite, hyperthermia
78
What is amphetamine used to treat?
narcolepsy obesity ADHD
79
What is the category of phenelzine?
sympathomimetic
80
What is the MOA of phenelzine?
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
81
What are the distinctive characteristics of phenelzine?
readily absorbed crosses BBB increases synaptic catecholamine levels
82
What is the predictable use of phenelzine?
antidepressant
83
What is the side effect of phenelzine?
sympathomimetic actions
84
What is the category of prazocin?
sympatholytic
85
What is the MOA of prazocin?
alpha 1 receptor antagonist
86
What are the distinctive characteristics of prazocin?
effective orally highly protein bound reflex tachycardia
87
What is the use of prazocin?
hypertension
88
What are the side effects of prazocin?
hypotension | syncope
89
What is the category of propranolol?
sympatholytic
90
What is the MOA of propranolol?
beta 1 and 2 receptor antagonist
91
What are the distinguishing characteristics of propranolol?
very lipid soluble significant 1st pass metabolism highly variable plasma levels
92
What are the uses of propranolol?
antihypertensive antiangina antiarrythmic
93
What are the side effects of propranolol?
puts asthma and diabetes patients at risk
94
What is the category of metoprolol?
sympatholytic
95
What is the MOA of metoprolol?
beta 1 receptor antagonist
96
What are the uses of metoprolol?
antihypertensive withougt risk to diabetics and asthmatics
97
What category is reserpine?
sympatholytic
98
What MOA is reserpine?
promotes release of norepinephrine and reduces reuptake resulting in depletion of norepinephrine stores
99
What are the distinctive characteristics of reserpine?
transitory sympathomimetic followed by prolonged sympatholytic effect antiquated for therapeutic use, extensive research use
100
What is the use of reserpine?
antihypertensive
101
What are the side effects of reserpine?
prolonged paralysis of sympathetic nervous system

pharmacology (3 decks)

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