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pharmacology > Drugs To Know For Final > Flashcards

Drugs To Know For Final Flashcards

1
Q

What category is acetominophen?

A

Analgesic and antipyretic (sometimes referred to as NSAID)

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2
Q

What is the MOA of acetaminophen?

A

Not fully understood (somewhat strong blockade of prostaglandin synthesis in hypothalamus, but weak peripheral blockade)

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3
Q

What are the distinguising characteristics of acetaminophen?

A

Oral, n-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP)
Minimal anti-inflammatory effect
Excreted in urine following phase 2 metabolism
NO increased risk for GI bleeding
NO increased frisk for Reye’s syndrome
Conjugated in the liver with glucuronic acid and sulfate

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4
Q

What are the predicted actions/factoids about acetaminophen?

A

Never mix alcohol and Tylenol
Minimum safe dosage is 4grams/24 hours
Overdose treatment involves removal of any drug in the stomach
Antidote (n-acetylcystein, or NAC) should be administered as early as possible
**not as effective as other COX inhibitors for inflammation
Produces hepatotoxicity via hydroxylation can lead to severe hepatic necrosis, liver failure, coma, and death

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5
Q

What is the category of alprazolam?

A

Anxiolytic
Sedative hypnotic
Anti-epileptic
Muscle relaxant

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6
Q

What is the MOA of alprazolam?

A

GABA receptor agonist (GABA is inhibitory neurotransmitter)

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7
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of alprazolam?

A

Benzodiazepine, schedule IV substanc, pregnancy category D, metabolized by cytochrome P450 system of liver

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8
Q

What is the predicted action of alprazolam?

A

Drowsiness and diminished alertness
Interacts with drugs metabolized by same isoenzyme (of which there are lots)
Contraindicated with alcohol/other CNS depressants/pregnancy
RA for anxiety, panic attack, social anxiety

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9
Q

What is the category of amoxicillin?

A

Antibiotic (of the penicillin group)

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10
Q

What is the MOA of amoxicillin?

A

Inhibit bacterial wall synthesis

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11
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of amoxicillin?

A

Contains beta lactum ring
Broad spectrum of bacterial activity
Absorbed well from gut
High incidence of hypersenstivity

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12
Q

What are the predicted actions of amoxicillin?

A

Subject to resistance in penicillinase producing organisms
Used on outpatient basis
Must inquire about previous allergies to penicillin

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13
Q

What is the category of aspirin?

A

NSAID

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14
Q

What is the general MOA of aspirin?

A

Inhibition of cox-1 and cox-2 enzymes (irreversible binding)

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15
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of aspirin?

A 
Oral
Readily absorbed from upper GI
Metabolized by liver
Excreted in urine
Risk of Reye's syndrome (almost exclusively in children, can progress from rash, HA, vomiting, to CNS damage and death in 30% of cases
Salicylism
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16
Q

What are the predicted actions of aspirin?

A

Treats inflammation, pain, and fever
GI side effects include GI irritation, peptic ulcer disease, nausea, vomiting
Increased risk of bleeding
Prophylactic for stroke and myocardial infarction
Salicylism=dizziness, tinnitus, hyperventilation, mental status changes, and potential for coma and death

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17
Q

What is the category of Azithromycin?

A

Antibiotic (macrolide)

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18
Q

What is the MOA of azithromycin?

A

Bind reversibly to bacterial microsome to inhibit protein synthesis

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19
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of azithromycin?

A

Requires large loading dose
Usually effective with 7 day treatment
Bacteriostatic to broad spectrum including gut bacteria

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20
Q

What are the predicted actions of azithromycin?

A

Z-pack (gives larger first loading dose) highly successful because of convenience
Frequent diarrhea
Contains a large lactose ring (10+ members)
This is what makes it a macrolide
Does not kill the bacterial just makes them unable to reproduce

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21
Q

What is the category of celecoxib?

A

NSAID

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22
Q

What is the MOA of celecoxib?

A

Selective cox-2 inhibition

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23
Q

What is the distinguishing characteristics of celecoxib?

A

Oral

Presently unlcear if definite increased risk for cardiovascular disease exists

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24
Q

What are the predicted actions of celecoxib?

A 
Anti-inflammatory effects
Minimal irritation of GI tract
Less GI bleeding
No inhibition of platelet aggravation
Treats inflammation and pain 
Used with caution due to the vioxx drug catastrophe
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25
Q

What is the category of clavulinate?

A

Antibiotic

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26
Q

What is the MOA of clavulinate?

A

Beta lactamase inhibitor

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27
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of clavulinate?

A

Given in combo with penicillins or cephalosporins
Never by itself
It is a support antibiotic

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28
Q

What are the predicted actions of clavulinate?

A

Would give with a penicillin derivative to prevent bacteria rom developing resistance to penicillin

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29
Q

What is the category of clotrimazole?

A

Anti-fungal topical

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30
Q

What is the MOA of clotrimazole?

A

Reduce fungal formation of ergosterol by inhibiting fungal cytochrome P450

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31
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of clotrimazole?

A

Used only topically

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32
Q

What are the predicted actions of clotrimazole?

A

Treat vaginal candidiasis
Dermatophyte infections (tinea pedis, curries, corporis)
Low toxicity
Available OTC

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33
Q

What is the category of Cromolyn?

A

Anti-allergy

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34
Q

What is the MOA of cromolyn?

A

Inhibit histamine release in selected tissue

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35
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of cromolyn?

A

Poorly absorbed

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36
Q

What are the predicted actions of cromolyn?

A

Used in nasal sprays, nebulizers, eye drops
Prophylactic in asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis
Minimal side effects

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37
Q

What is the category of diphenhydramine?

A

Anti-inflammatory
Anti-emetic
Anti-histamine

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38
Q

What is the MOA of diphenhydramine?

A

H1 receptor antagonist

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39
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of diphenhydramine?

A

Used orally, IM, and percutaneus
Antimuscarinic activity
Lipid soluble-can cross the blood brain barrier

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40
Q

What are the predicted actions of diphenhydramine?

A

Drowsiness
Xerostomia (dry mouth)
Sleep aid
Treats nausea, vomiting and motion sickness

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41
Q

What is the category of estrogen?

A

Estrogen (endocrine drug?)

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42
Q

What is the MOA of estrogen?

A

Bind to estrogen receptors in nuclei of target cells to regulate protein synthesis

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43
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of estrogen?

A

Absorption varies widely with salt and formulation
Transdermal/oral/parenteral forms
Highly protein bound-compete with thyroid and other drugs
Linked to breast cancer

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44
Q

What is the predicted actions of estrogen?

A

Hormone replacement therapy (postmenopausal)

Oral contraception

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45
Q

What is the category of hydrocodone?

A

Analgesic

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46
Q

What is the MOA of hydrocodone?

A

Opiate receptor agonist (especially thalamus, brainstem, gut, eye)

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47
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of hydrocodone?

A 
Scheduled substance (2-3)
Tolerance upon repeated use
48
Q

What are the predicted actions of hydrocodone?

A 
Pain less objectionable and localizable
Depress respiratory center (overdose causes apnea)
Physical and psychological dependence 
Miosis
Constipation
Similar drugs include oxycodone/morphine
49
Q

What is the category of ibuprofen?

A

NSAID

50
Q

What is the MOA of ibuprofen?

A

Cox1 and cox2 inhibitor

51
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of ibuprofen?

A

Oral

No increased risk for Reye’s

52
Q

What are the predicted actions of ibuprofen?

A

Inflammation
Pain
Fever
Pretty rapid response, preferred for children over aspirin

53
Q

What category is insulin glargin?

A

Antidiabetic

54
Q

What is the MOA of insulin glargin?

A

Binds to insulin receptors and activates tyrosine kinase which phosphorylation proteins after metabolic enzymes
Moves glucose into cell from plasma

55
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of insulin glargin?

A

Protein
Short half life
Multiple forms differ in solubility and release from the site of injection

56
Q

What are the predicted actions of insulin glargin?

A

Causes decreased plasma glucose
Treat type 1 diabetes, occasionally type 2
Ineffective orally (Rx subcutaneously)
Repeated injections will cause hypoglycemia when in excess

57
Q

What is the category of levoflaxacin?

A

Antibiotic-quinolone (synthetic, fluoridated compound)

58
Q

What is the MOA of levoflaxacin?

A

Inhibits DNA gyrase which uncoils DNA during transcription

59
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of levoflaxacin?

A 
Broad spectrum
Effective orally
Chelates calcium
Causes tendinitis
Wide distributed
Slows breakdown of caffeine
Excreted unchanged in urine
60
Q

What are the predicted actions of levoflaxacin?

A

Urinary tract infection
ENT
Upper and lower respiratory tract infections
Bacteriocidal-actually kills the bacteria by destroying the DNA

61
Q

What is the category of levothryoxine?

A

Thyroid drug

62
Q

What is the MOA of levothyroxine?

A

Bind to gene receptors in cell nucleus where hormone modulates genetic transcription and protein synthesis

63
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of levothyroxine?

A

T4 converted to T3 (active form) in periphery
Half life of 7 days
80% bioavailability following oral administration

64
Q

What are the predicted actions of levothyroxine?

A

Slow onset of action (week or more)
Daily administration
Numerous drug and herb interactions due to metabolism and protein binding
Considered drug of choice for replacement and suppression therapy by most physicians

65
Q

What is the category of metformin?

A

Oral hypoglycemic

66
Q

What is the MOA of metformin?

A

Suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis via several molecular mechanism (hepatic gluconeogenesis is elevated in type 2 diabetic)

67
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of metformin?

A

Effective orally
Biguanide
GI upset (diarrhea) most common side effect
Lactic acidosis-most serious side effect

68
Q

What are the predicted actions of metformin?

A

First line drug for treatment of type 2 diabetes
Avoid use with co-morbidities that will increase lactic acid (impaired renal function)
Often combined with other oral hypoglycemic agents

69
Q

What is the category of Metronidazole?

A

Antibiotic (anaerobes)

Antiparasitic

70
Q

What is the MOA of metronidazole?

A

Binds DNA and inhibits anaerobic replication

Antiparasitic action is unclear

71
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of metronidazole?

A

Use in anaerobic infections such as bacteriodes and clostridium
Also used in protozoan infection such as entamoeba histolytica, trichomonas, and giardia

72
Q

What are the predicted actions of metronidazole?

A

Side effects include GI, N/V, cramping, HA, and dizziness
Avoid use of alcohol due to Flagyl’s Antabuse-like property (severe N/V with alcohol)
Potentials the actions of drugs metabolized by P450 system

73
Q

What is the category of N-acetylcysteine (NAC)?

A

Mucolytic/expectorant

74
Q

What is the MOA of N-acetylcysteine?

A

Decreases viscosity of mucous
Breaks disulfide bonds
Replenishes glutathione

75
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of N-acetylcysteine?

A

Used in IV to treat acetaminophen overdose

76
Q

What are the predicted actions of n-acetylcysteine?

A

COPD
Allergies
Overdose of acetaminophen

77
Q

What is the category of pioglitazone?

A

Oral antidiabetic

78
Q

What is the MOA of pioglitazone?

A

Decreases insulin resistance by regulating genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism

79
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of pioglitazone?

A

Often used in conjunction with other oral antidiabetic agents like metformin
May cause fluid retention (edema)
Used in prediabetics to prevent diabetes

80
Q

What are the predicted actions of pioglitazone?

A 
Treat type 2 diabetes
Slow onset (gene regulation)
Weight gain is common
81
Q

What is the category of prednisone?

A

Glucocorticoid

82
Q

What is the MOA of prednisone?

A

Modify gene transcription and interfere with inflammatory activities

83
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of prednisone?

A 
Short to medium acting
Strong anti-inflammatory effect
Orally effective 
Modest salt retention activity
Converted to prednisolone
84
Q

What are the predicted actions of prednisone?

A

Protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism
Secondary followed by primary adrenal insufficiency with prolonged use
Side effects customary of all glucocorticoids

85
Q

What are the effects of corticosteroids?

A 
Metabolic effects (gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, lipolysis)
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects (suppress activation of T lymphocytes and production of cytokines by T helper cells, prevent release of chemical mediators, stabilized lysosomal membranes)
86
Q

What are the adverse effects of corticosteroid therapy?

A 
Cushings-like syndrome (2 weeks of therapy)
Osteoporosis
Sodium retention
Hypertension
Muscle wasting
Cataracts and glaucoma
Infection (immunosuppressant)
Peptic ulcers
Secondary followed by primary adrenal insufficiency
CNS stimulation with insomnia
87
Q

What is the category of progesterone?

A

Progestin

88
Q

What is the MOA of progesterone?

A

Bind to progesterone receptor in nuclei of target cells

Regulate gene transcription in diverse cells

89
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of progesterone?

A

Rapidly absorbed following oral administration

Metabolized in liver on first pass

90
Q

What are the predicted actions of progesterone?

A

Hormone replacement therapy

Contraception

91
Q

What is the category of sertraline?

A

Antidepressant

92
Q

What is the MOA of sertraline?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition (SSRI)

93
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of sertraline?

A

Must “titration” dose for optimum effect

94
Q

What are the predicted actions of sertraline?

A

Anti depressant similar to other SSRI, increase neurotransmitter
Side effects include insomnia, headache (vascular headache , nausea, dry mouth (xerostomia)

95
Q

What is the category of sulfamethoxazole?

A

Antibiotic

96
Q

What is the MOA of sulfamethoxazole?

A

Folate synthesis antagonist (inhibits the action of dihydropteroate synthase, blocking synthesis of dihydrofolate)

97
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of sulfamethoxazole?

A

Often used with trimethoprim due to high incidence of hypersensitivity in sulfonamides

98
Q

What is the category of tetracycline?

A

Antibiotic

99
Q

What is the MOA of tetracycline?

A

Binds reversibly to bacterial ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis

100
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of tetracycline?

A

Cheating agent (binds covalently to calcium ions)
Very broad spectrum
Photosensitive

101
Q

What are the predicted actions of tetracycline?

A

Mottling of teeth in children
Interferes with calcium absorption
Avoid use with dairy products

102
Q

What is the category of trimethoprim?

A

Antibiotic

103
Q

What is the MOA of trimethoprim?

A

Folate synthesis antagonist

Inhibits the action of dihydrofolate reductase blocking the formation of tetrahydroflolate

104
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of trimethoprim?

A

Excreted in urine unchanged

Often used with sulfonamides which have a high incidence of hypersensitivity

105
Q

What are the predicted actions of trimethoprim?

A

One of the drugs of choice for UTI

106
Q

Where are H2 receptors located?

A

In acid secreting cells of stomach

107
Q

Where are H1 receptors located?

A

Bronchial muscle

108
Q

What is the term used to describe that quality in which repeated administration of a drug produces lower and lower efficacy?

A

Tolerance

109
Q

What is the term for repeated administration of drug and results in lower and lower killing power?

A

Resistance

110
Q

How do the azole’s work?

A

Inhibit the formation of ergosterol an essential constituent in the cell walls of many infectious mycotic organisms

111
Q

What is the inflammation related process of leukotrienes?

A

Bronchoconstriction and secretion

112
Q

What is the inflammation related process of thromboxane?

A

Platelet aggregation

113
Q

What is the inflammation related process of prostacyclin?

A

HCl reduction and gastric mucosal protection

114
Q

What is the inflammation related process of prostaglandins?

A

Pain fever and peri-capillary leakage

115
Q

How does aspirin work specifically as an anti-inflammatory, analgesicc, antipyretic,

A

Blockade of prostaglandin synthesis at target tissues and thermoregulatory centers in the hypothalamus
And decreases tissue sensitivity to chemical mediators of pain

pharmacology (3 decks)

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