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Specialities > Pharmacology of neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Pharmacology of neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Are cations excitatory or inhibitory in AP?

A

Excitatory

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2
Q

Are anions excitatory or inhibitory in AP?

A

Inhibitory

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3
Q

Basic role of adrenaline in the body

A

Increase HR and blood flow

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4
Q

Basic role of noradrenaline in the body

A

Vasoconstriction

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5
Q

Basic role of dopamine in the body

A

feelings of pleasure, addiction, movement, motivation

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6
Q

Basic role of serotonin in the body

A

well-being, happiness, sleep cycle, digestive system regulation

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7
Q

What is the monoamine hypothesis’

A

deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters causes depression

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8
Q

Evidence for the monoamine hypothesis

A

Drugs that restore brain monoamine levels are effective antidepressants
Drugs that reduce brain monoamines (e.g. reserpine, clonidine) cause depression

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9
Q

Evidence against the monoamine hypothesis

A

Antidepressants increase monoamines immediately but clinical benefits can take weeks
35% benefit in first week
benefit may be due to longer term downstream actions of monoamines on cellular protein expression
Not all depression responds to antidepressants
It’s an oversimplification
Other mechanisms e.g. hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal/thyroid axis involved

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10
Q

what breaks down monoamines

A

monoamine oxidase

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11
Q

example of tricyclic antidepressent

A

amitriptyline

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12
Q

MOA of TCA

A

block reuptake of monoamines

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13
Q

Example of SSRI

A

citalopram, sertroline

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14
Q

example of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor

A

duloxetine

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15
Q

example of noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor

A

reboxetine

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16
Q

example of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor

A

moclobemide

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17
Q

describe the mesolimbic pathway of dopamine

A

Mesolimbic pathway – dopamine produced in ventrotegmental area is released in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala

Responsible for motivation and reward

This pathway is thought to be overactive in addiction and mood disorders

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18
Q

Role of nucleus accumbens

A

pleasure seeking, reward behaviour

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19
Q

role of the amygdala

A

negative symptoms: aggression, fear

20
Q

describe the mesocortical pathway for dopamine

A

Mesocortical pathway– dopamine produced in ventrotegmental area is released in the prefrontal cortex

Responsible for cognitive control, motivation, and emotional response

This pathway is associated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia, which include avolition, alogia and flat affect

21
Q

what is avolition

A

no motivation

22
Q

what is alogia

A

not speaking

23
Q

describe the nigrostriatal pathway of dopamine

A

Nigrostriatal pathway – dopamine produced in substantia nigra is released in the basal ganglia

Responsible for motor coordination

This pathway is underactive in Parkinson’s disease

24
Q

describe the tuberoinfundibular pathway of dopamine

A

Tuberoinfundibular pathway (AKA tuberohypophyseal)– projects from the infundibular nucleus in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus to the median eminence of the hypothalamus

Dopamine is released into the hypophyseal portal system which supplies the pituitary gland

Negative feedback for prolactin

Responsible for feedback mechanism of lactation

25
Q

Match: … uses …

-basal ganglia
-motor cortex
___________________________
-Ach
-dopamine

A

basal ganglia- dopamine

motor cortex- Ach

26
Q

role of dopamine in movement

A

regulates movements- upregulates movements you want, downregulates ones you don’t

27
Q

symptoms associated with low dopamine and high ACh

A

tremor
rigidity
bradykinesia

28
Q

treatment for Parkinsons

A 
Raise dopamine:
Dopamine precursor
L Dopa (+ dopa
decarboxylase inhibitor)
Releases dopamine
e.g. amantadine
Dopamine agonists
e.g. ropinirole, cabergoline, rotigotine
Lower Ach:
Antimuscarinic drugs  Block Ach receptors
benzatropine
procyclidine
orphenadrine
29
Q

Why give dopa decarboxylase inhibitors alongside levodopa

A

as without it the drug would be broken down before it crosses the BBB

30
Q

role of the prefrontal cortex

A

regulates attention and cognition

31
Q

example of first generation/ typical antipsychotics

A

haloperidol

chlorpromazine

32
Q

MOA of 1st generation/typical antipsychotics

A

block D2 receptors in mesolimbic/mesocortical, nigrostriatal and tuberoinfundibular pathways and chemoreceptor trigger zone (brain stem)

33
Q

example of 2nd generation/atypical antipsychotics

A

olanzapine
risperidone
clozapine

34
Q

MOA of 2nd generation/atypical antipsychotics

A

block D2 receptors in mesolimbic/mesocortical pathway,

35
Q

examples of extrapyramidal side effects

A

Parkinsonism
Akathisia
Tardive dyskinesia

36
Q

side effects caused by blocking the tuberoinfundibular pathway

A

gynaecomastia
galactorrhoea
menstrual disturbance

37
Q

basic role of Ach in the body

A

thought, learning and memory. activates muscle action in the body

38
Q

NTs of SNS

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

39
Q

Role of SNS

A

inc CO, bronchodilation, pupillary dilation, reduce digestion and absorption and reduce renal elimination

40
Q

NTs of PNS

A

ACH

41
Q

Role of PNS

A

normalise CO, normalise bronchodilation, pupillary constriction, increase absorption and digestion and increased renal elimination

42
Q

side effects of antimuscarinics

A

dry mouth
constipation
urinary retention
increased intraocular pressure

43
Q

basic pathology of Alzheimer’s disease

A

loss of cholinergic neurons
decreased
acetylcholine levels
reduced choline acetyltransferase (Ach synthesising enzyme)
cognitive impairment correlates with loss of cholinergic input

44
Q

example of cholinesterase inhibitor

A

donepezil
rivastigmine
galantamine

45
Q

basic role of GABA in the body

A

high levels improve focus, low levels cause anxiety. contributes to motor control and vision. Inhibitory NT

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