Pharmacology of Adverse Drug Reactions

Question 1

what is INR?

Answer 1

international normalised ratio

Question 2

how is INR measured?

Answer 2

INR = patient prothrombin / control prothrombin

Question 3

what does a fall in INR signify?

Answer 3

blood is coagulating too easily > clots are more likely to develop

Question 4

INR is used as a measure to monitor?

Answer 4

warfarin administration

Question 5

what is the interaction with warfarin and st. john’s wort?

Answer 5

st. john’s wort works to increase the breakdown and decrease the effectiveness of warfarin

Question 6

what other drugs can cause a similar adverse effect to st john’s wort on warfarin?

Answer 6

anti-fungals

Question 7

digoxin drug target

Answer 7

Na-K ATPase

classified as a cardiac glycoside

Question 8

digoxin mechanism of action

Answer 8

reversibly inhibits Na-K ATPase > increases intracellular sodium, increase calcium in myocardial cells

Question 9

bisoprolol drug target

Answer 9

beta 1 -adrenoceptors

Question 10

bisoprolol mechanism of action

Answer 10

competitive cardioselective B1-adrenergic antagonist

Question 11

temazepam drug target

Answer 11

benzodiazepine receptors

Question 12

temazepam mechanism of action

Answer 12

increases the affinity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) for GABA receptors

Question 13

side effects of temazepam

Answer 13

drowsiness
headache
confusion
nausea