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FRCR 1a - Stuff > Pharmacology non-chemo drugs > Flashcards

Pharmacology non-chemo drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Dexamethasone?

A

Binds to glucocorticoid receptors –> reducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines –> controlling nausea and vomiting indirectly through anti-inflammatory effects.

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2
Q

What are the long-term side effects of Dexamethasone?

A

Osteoporosis, muscle wasting, and adrenal suppression.

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3
Q

What drug interaction should be considered when administering Dexamethasone?

A

Dose of dexamethasone must be reduced by 50% in patients receiving aprepitant because aprepitant is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Ondansetron?

A

5-HT3 receptor antagonist that blocks serotonin signaling in the gastrointestinal tract and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), reducing the vomiting reflex.

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5
Q

What is a significant side effect of Ondansetron?

A

QT prolongation.

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Metoclopramide?

A

Blocks D2 receptors in the CTZ, reducing dopamine’s emetic effect, and stimulates 5-HT4 receptors to promote gastric motility.

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7
Q

What are the major side effects of Metoclopramide?

A

Dystonia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS).

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8
Q

What treatment is used for extrapyramidal reactions caused by Metoclopramide?

A

Extrapyramidal reactions may be treated with procyclidine.

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Domperidone?

A

Selectively blocks peripheral D2 receptors, reducing dopamine-induced nausea and vomiting without crossing the blood-brain barrier.

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10
Q

What are the side effects of Domperidone?

A

Dry mouth, abdominal cramps, drowsiness.

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11
Q

What drug interaction should be considered with Domperidone?

A

CYP3A4 inhibitors.

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Aprepitant?

A

NK1 receptor antagonist that blocks substance P from binding, preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

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13
Q

What drug interaction should be considered with Aprepitant?

A

Dose of dexamethasone must be reduced by 50% in patients receiving aprepitant because aprepitant is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4.

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Levomepromazine?

A

Blocks D2, H1, M1, and alpha-adrenergic receptors, providing broad anti-emetic effects by inhibiting dopamine, histamine, and cholinergic pathways in the CTZ.

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15
Q

What are the major side effects of Levomepromazine?

A

Sedation, postural hypotension, dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, parkinsonism, dystonia, QT prolongation, drowsiness.

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16
Q

What monitoring is required when Levomepromazine is administered with ifosfamide?

A

Patients receiving ifosfamide should be carefully monitored since sedation may mask signs of encephalopathy.

17
Q

What is the function of Filgrastim, Pegfilgrastim, and Lenograstim?

A

Used to prevent or treat neutropenia after chemotherapy by promoting the proliferation, differentiation, and activation of neutrophils.

18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Epoetin alfa and Darbepoetin alfa?

A

Stimulate the production of red blood cells by acting on erythropoietin receptors in the bone marrow.

19
Q

What is the function of Romiplostim and Eltrombopag?

A

Used to treat thrombocytopenia by stimulating the production of platelets through thrombopoietin (TPO) receptors.

20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Warfarin?

A

Prevents the activation of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X), reducing thrombus formation.

21
Q

What is a significant side effect of Warfarin?

A

Major bleeding, warfarin-induced skin necrosis, teratogenicity (contraindicated in pregnancy).

22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, and Edoxaban?

A

Inhibit factor Xa, reducing thrombin generation and clot formation.

23
Q

What drug interaction should be considered with Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, and Edoxaban?

A

CYP3A4 inducers/inhibitors and P-glycoprotein inhibitors (e.g. Verapamil).

24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Dabigatran?

A

Inhibits thrombin (factor IIa), directly blocking the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, preventing clot formation.

25
Q

What is the reversal agent for Dabigatran?

A

Idarucizumab.

26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, and Tinzaparin?

A

LMWHs enhance antithrombin activity, inhibiting Factor Xa and thrombin (Factor IIa), reducing fibrin clot formation.

27
Q

What is a significant side effect of Enoxaparin, Dalteparin, and Tinzaparin?

A

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Unfractionated Heparin?

A

Binds to antithrombin, greatly accelerating its inhibitory effect on thrombin (Factor IIa) and Factor Xa, preventing fibrin clot formation.

29
Q

What is the mechanism of action of opioids (Morphine, Oxycodone, Alfentanil, Fentanyl)?

A

Bind to mu (μ), delta (δ), and kappa (κ) receptors in the CNS, reducing pain perception by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase, opening potassium channels, and closing calcium channels.

30
Q

What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Diclofenac)?

A

Inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2), blocking prostaglandin synthesis, reducing pain and inflammation.

31
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Paracetamol?

A

Acts centrally by inhibiting COX-3 in the brain, indirectly reducing prostaglandin-mediated pain signals.

32
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Gabapentin and Pregabalin?

A

Bind to the α2δ subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels, reducing excitatory neurotransmitter release.

33
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Amitriptyline and Duloxetine?

A

Inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, enhancing pain relief by modulating pain pathways.

34
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Lidocaine?

A

Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing depolarization and conduction of pain signals.

FRCR 1a - Stuff (3 decks)

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