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MIDTERM-JULS-2ND-1STSEM > Pharmacology Midterm reviewer > Flashcards

Pharmacology Midterm reviewer Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs affecting the

A

ANS

CNS

Respiratory

Cardiovascular

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2
Q

ANS Agents

A

Autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

stimulate sympathetic response

A

Agonist

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4
Q

block sympathetic response

A

Antagonist

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5
Q

-heart rate, bp = increased, GI decreased, mydriaisis (dilation
of the pupils)

A

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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6
Q

epinephrine, adrenaline

A

Neurotransmitters

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7
Q

alpha and beta receptors

A

Receptors

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8
Q

vasoconstriction - increase heart rate, contraction, mydriasis,
increases blood pressure

Example: phenylephrine, epinephrine

A

Alpha 1 receptor agonist

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9
Q

vasodilation – decrease in bp

ex: Clonidine

A

Alpha 2 receptor agonist

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10
Q

increased heart contractility and heart rate
(presence of dysrhythmia – hold the ordered dose and inform the
doctor) - Increased myocardial contractility

A

Beta 1 receptor agonist

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11
Q

bronchodilation

A

Beta 2 receptor agonist

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12
Q

the nurse should monitor the patient for palpitations

A

Albuterol

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13
Q

blocks both A1 and A2

ex: Phentolamine

A

Non-Selective Alpha Antagonist

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14
Q

blocks only Alpha 1 causing vasodilation,
decrease heart rate, contractility and bp.

ex: Prazosin

A

Alpha 1 Selective Antagonist

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15
Q

Beta Blockers

A

Non Selective
Selective B1 antagonist/blocker

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16
Q

blocks both B1 and B2 causing vasodilation
decreasing bp but bronchoconstriction – don’t give to patient with
asthma or respiratory problems.

Eg : Propranolol

A

Non Selective

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17
Q

blocks only B1 causing
vasodilation causing a decrease in BP but no bronchoconstriction.

Eg: Metoprolol – less likely to precipitate bronchoconstriction

A

Selective B1 antagonist/blocker

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18
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Parasympathomimetics
Neurotransmitters
cholinergic agonists
Receptors
Muscarinic agonist

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19
Q

heart rate, bp = decreased, GI
increased, miosis

A

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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20
Q

Cholinesterase inhibitors

A

Parasympathomimetics

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21
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitters

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22
Q

mimic Acetylcholine

A

cholinergic agonists

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23
Q

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

A

Receptors

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24
Q

increase salivation, sweating, urination, gastric acid

Pilocarpine

A

Muscarinic agonist

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25
Q

skeletal muscle contraction

A

Nicotinic receptor agonist

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26
Q

will cause miosis, diarrhea and bradycardia

A

Bethanechol

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27
Q

Perform

A

urinary assessment

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28
Q

clinical manifestation of extreme
muscarinic stimulation

A

Excessive perspiration

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29
Q

as a neuromuscular relaxant

A

Succinylcholine

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30
Q

cholinesterase inhibitor

A

Physostigmine

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31
Q

bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm

A

Side effects

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32
Q

antimuscarinic agents causing bladder relaxation
preventing urinary incontinence.

A

Vasico selective

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33
Q

treatment for bladder incontinence – will
cause decrease unrination

A

Oxybutynin

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34
Q

muscarinic antagonists – decrease saliva, mucus
secretions, prevent vomiting

A

Atropine

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35
Q

for excessive dosing of bethanechol

A

Antidote

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36
Q

increase temp, confusion, flushed face,
dryness of mouth, very thirsty

A

Atropine overdose

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37
Q

muscle relaxation

A

Neuromuscular blocking drugs

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38
Q

Parasympatholitics

A

Spasmolytics
Mydriatics
Antiparkinsonian
Scopolamine

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39
Q

nicotinic receptor antagonist

A

Spasmolytics

Dantrolene

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40
Q

Spasmolytics

skeletal muscle relaxation

A

Dantrolene

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41
Q

dilation of pupils

A

Mydriatics

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42
Q

increase dopamine

A

Antiparkinsonian

Levodopa

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43
Q

muscarinic receptor antagonist – given to patient with
motion sickness

A

Scopolamine

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44
Q

increase the release of and block the reuptake of
excitatory neurotransmitters

A

CNS Stimulants

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45
Q

CNS Stimulants Indications

A
  • Narcolepsy- excessive daytime sleepiness
  • attention deficit disorder in children
  • endogenous obesity
  • reversal of respiratory distress
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46
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

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47
Q

CNS

Common Drugs:

A

Amphetamines
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Analeptics
Anorexiants

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48
Q

for ADHD to increase a child’s attention span,
decrease a child’s hyperactivity and decrease impulsiveness

  • Given in the morning on an empty stomach.
  • Advise patient to report signs of palpitations
  • Advise patients to avoid alcohol consumption
  • Advise the patients to avoid driving and using hazardous equipment while on
    this drug

Avoid giving beverages containing caffeine – will cause cardiac dysrhythmias

A

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

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49
Q

Avoid giving beverages containing caffeine

A

will cause cardiac dysrhythmias

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50
Q

to stimulate respiration – Methylxanthine – caffeine,
aminophylline, theophylline

A

Analeptics

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51
Q

suppress appetite, given to control weight

imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements – common nursing
diagnosis

A

Anorexiants

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52
Q

common nursing
diagnosis

A

imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements

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53
Q

CNS Depressants
Common Drugs:

A

Sedative-hypnotics
Anesthetics
Analgesics
Anticonvulsants
Anxiolytics
Antidepressants

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54
Q

Sedative-hypnotics
Common Drugs:

A

Benzodiazepine

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55
Q

– action – amplify the effects of GABA– calming
effect

A

Benzodiazepine

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56
Q

notify the doctor
immediately if the RR is below 10

A

Anticonvulsants- Phenobarbital

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57
Q

Increase in 3Ds - drowsiness, dizziness, and decrease
in BP

A

Anxiolytics

58
Q

TCA, MAOI, SSRI

A

Antidepressants

59
Q

CNS Depressant drugs

A

Barbiturates
Benzodiazepine

60
Q

sedative-hypnotic - cause chloride ions to flow into the cell
and hyperpolarize

○ have a higher risk of toxicity than Benzodiazepines.
○ have a narrow therapeutic index.
○ increase the effects of GABA.
○ a central nervous system depressant.”

A

Barbiturates

61
Q

sedative – hypnotic

Example: Alprazolam, Lorazepam, Clorazepate

■ Should not be given together with antihistamine

Alprazolam ( Benzodiazepine overdose) - give flumazenil

A

Benzodiazepine

62
Q

give flumazenil

A

Alprazolam (Benzodiazepine overdose)

63
Q

drugs that relieve the sensation of pain

A

Analgesic

64
Q

Analgesic

A

Non-narcotic analgesics
Narcotic analgesics

65
Q

Non-narcotic analgesics

A

Salicylates
NSAID
Para aminophenols

66
Q

Narcotic analgesics

A

Naloxone

67
Q

Narcotic analgesics
Nursing implications

A

● assess respiratory status – Naloxone (Narcan) for opiod toxicity
● assess for hypotension
● monitor bowel elimination
● evaluate pain response to medication

68
Q

Vasodilators

A

decrease bp, dilates vessels, decrease vascular resistance

69
Q

Should never be given together with viagra because it could lead to widening
of the blood vessels, dropping the blood pressure so low, arrhythmia and heart
attack.

A

Nitroglycerin

70
Q

Unrelieved pain in cardiac disease after morphine
administration

A

Myocardial Infarction

71
Q

Nursing Considerations

Do not leave the patients bedside when you are giving a

A

newly prescribed
antihypertensive especially beta blockers.

72
Q

Nursing Considerations

bp, breathing and blood sugar

A

bp, breathing and blood sugar

73
Q

nausea and
vomiting and dizziness – the nurse should advise the patient to rise to a
sitting or standing position slowly.

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors - Side effect

74
Q

are given to patients with low heart rate

A

Pril and sartan

75
Q

are given as anti-clumping and anti- clogging effect for better
blood circulation

A

Aspirin

76
Q

ACEI

A

Angiotensin antagonist
or
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor

77
Q

(Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or
ACEI)

A

● PRILS
● enalapril
● lisinopril
● captopril

78
Q

The “sartans”

A

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

79
Q

Losartan

A

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

80
Q

Valsartan

A

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

81
Q

newest group, may only be indicated
when ACEI are intolerable, mostly
free of side effects but very costly

A

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

82
Q

Will decrease blood pressure to
hypertensive patient

A

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

83
Q

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

A

● The “sartans”
● Losartan
● Valsartan
● newest group, may only be indicated when ACEI are intolerable, mostly free of side effects but very costly.
● Will decrease blood pressure to hypertensive patient

84
Q

BETA BLOCKERS

A
  • Propanolol– Inderal
  • Labetalil
  • atenolol
  • bisoprolol
85
Q

block the effects
of the epinephrine/adrenaline.

A

Beta blockers

86
Q

Reduces the sympathetic
stimulation in cardiac muscle.

A

Beta blockers

87
Q

Causing the heart to beat more
slowly and with less force, which
lowers blood pressure.

A

Beta blockers

88
Q

also help open up
veins and arteries to improve blood
flow.

A

Beta blockers

89
Q

Increase blood flow to the kidney.

A

Beta blockers

90
Q

monitor for wheezing

A

Propanolol– Inderal

91
Q

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

digoxin

A

(Lanoxin)

92
Q

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

digitoxin

A

(Crystodigin)

93
Q

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

increase force of contraction

A

positive inotropic effect

94
Q

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

decrease heart rate

A

Negative chronotropic effect

95
Q

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

Adverse reactions:decrease pulse rate . Monitor
apical pulse

A

digitalis toxicity

96
Q

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

0.5 to 2.0 nanograms/mL)

A

Therapeutic level

97
Q

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

Antidote:

A

digoxin immune fab (Digibind)

98
Q

● digoxin (Lanoxin)
● digitoxin (Crystodigin)
Effects:
● positive inotropic effect – increase force of contraction
● Negative chronotropic effect - decrease heart rate
● Adverse reactions: digitalis toxicity – decrease pulse rate . Monitor apical pulse
● Therapeutic level is 0.5 to 2.0 nanograms/mL)
● Antidote: digoxin immune fab (Digibind)

A

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

99
Q

digoxin (Lanoxin)

A

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

100
Q

digitoxin (Crystodigin)

A

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

101
Q

Effects:
● positive inotropic effect – increase force of contraction
● Negative chronotropic effect - decrease heart rate
● Adverse reactions: digitalis toxicity – decrease pulse rate . Monitor
apical pulse
● Therapeutic level is 0.5 to 2.0 nanograms/mL)
● Antidote: digoxin immune fab (Digibind)

A

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

102
Q

DRUGS USED FOR ARRHYTHMIA

A
  1. Class 1 Antiarrhythmic Drugs/
    SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
  2. CLASS II ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS/
    BETA BLOCKERS
  3. CLASS III ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS/
    Potassium channel blockers
  4. CLASS IV ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS/ CALCIUM CHANNEL
    BLOCKERS
103
Q

Mechanism of Action:

Decrease sodium influx to cardiac cells, decreasing
automaticity of the ventricular cells

  • quinidine and procainamide
A

Class 1 Antiarrhythmic Drugs/
SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS

104
Q

EXAMPLE:
* Acebutolol
* Esmolol
* Propranolol
* Nadolol

A

CLASS II ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS/
BETA BLOCKERS

105
Q

acts directly on the muscle cells prolonging
the repolarization and the refractory period, increasing the threshold for
ventricular fibrillation.

EXAMPLE
Amiodarone Dofetilide

A

CLASS III ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS/
Potassium channel blockers

105
Q

ANTIANGINAL DRUGS

A
  • Nitroglycerin
  • Beta-blockers
  • Calcium-channel blockers
105
Q

Diltiazem

A

CLASS IV ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS/ CALCIUM CHANNEL
BLOCKERS

105
Q

Mechanism of Action:

act directly on heart muscle cells to prolong repolarization and the refractory period, increasing the threshold for ventricular
fibrillation; also act on peripheral smooth muscle to decrease peripheral resistance

A

CLASS III ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS/
Potassium channel blockers

106
Q

for patient with chest pain

A

ANTIANGINAL DRUGS

107
Q

Relaxes vascular smooth muscle with
resultant decrease in venous return and arterial bp

A

Nitroglycerin

108
Q

ANTIANGINAL DRUGS

Rapidly acting agents

A

● E.g. nitroglycerine (Nitrostat, Transderm Nitro)
● Usually given sublingually
● Used to terminate acute attack of angina
● Take 1 tablet, then an additional tablet every
5 minutes, for a total of 3 tablets. Calls the
physician if pain persist after 3 tablets.

108
Q

DECREASE HEART RATE

A

Beta-blockers

108
Q

DECREASE FORCE OF
CONTRACTION

A

Calcium-channel blockers

109
Q

● E.g. nitroglycerine (Nitrostat, Transderm Nitro)
● Usually given sublingually
● Used to terminate acute attack of angina
● Take 1 tablet, then an additional tablet every
5 minutes, for a total of 3 tablets. Calls the
physician if pain persist after 3 tablets.

A

ANTIANGINAL DRUGS

Rapidly acting agents

110
Q

ANTIANGINAL DRUGS: Rapidly acting agents

E.g. nitroglycerine

A

(Nitrostat, Transderm Nitro)

Rapidly acting agents

111
Q

Usually given sublingually

A

ANTIANGINAL DRUGS

Rapidly acting agents

112
Q

Used to terminate acute attack of angina

A

ANTIANGINAL DRUGS

Rapidly acting agents

113
Q

Take 1 tablet, then an additional tablet every
5 minutes, for a total of 3 tablets. Calls the
physician if pain persist after 3 tablets.

A

ANTIANGINAL DRUGS

Rapidly acting agents

114
Q

antilipidemic agents – given to
patient with hypercholesterolemia ( increased cholesterol in the blood)

○ Atorvastatin

A

HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)

115
Q

monitor for signs of bleeding

A

For patient receiving tissue plasminogen activator like alteplase

116
Q

○ Decrease bp
○ Dilate blood vessels
○ Decrease heart rate
○ Decrease vascular resistance

A

Vasodilators

117
Q

Vasodilators

A

○ Decrease bp
○ Dilate blood vessels
○ Decrease heart rate
○ Decrease vascular resistanc

118
Q

blocks H1 receptors thereby decreasing allergic
response.

○ Allergic responses like itchy, watery eyes, rhinitis.
○ Benadryl AH, Dimetapp
○ Can be taken 45 minutes before exposure to an allergen
○ First generation anti histamine has higher incidence of drowsiness

A

Antihistamine

119
Q

Allergic responses like itchy, watery eyes, rhinitis.

A

Antihistamine

120
Q

Benadryl AH, Dimetapp

A

Antihistamine

121
Q

Can be taken 45 minutes before exposure to an allergen

A

Antihistamine

122
Q

First generation anti histamine has higher incidence of
drowsiness

A

Antihistamine

123
Q

eliminate or reduce congestion or swelling.

● Common drugs –pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine
● limit 5-7 days to prevent rebound nasal congestion.
● Side effects - hypertension

A

Decongestants

124
Q

Decongestants

Common drugs

A

pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine

125
Q

limit 5-7 days to prevent rebound nasal congestion.

A

Decongestants

126
Q

Decongestants

Side effects

A

hypertension

127
Q

promotes expectoration by reducing the viscosity of pulmonary secretion or by decreasing the tenacity with which
exudates adhere to the lower respiratory tract

A

Expectorant

128
Q

common expectorant in over-the-counter medications

○ loosen bronchial secretions for effective coughing.
○ Benadryl, Robitussin
○ Increase water intake.

A

Guafenesin

129
Q

supress the cough reflex. Non-productive cough.

● dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM)
○ reduce the frequency of cough.
○ Waits 15 to 20 minutes after taking the syrup before drinking any
liquid
○ Narcotic cough syrup – synergistic effect with alcohol

A

Antitussives

130
Q

dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM)

A

Antitussives

131
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract disorder
Common disorder:

A

Bronchial asthma

132
Q

Reversible airway obstruction that is
characterized by hyperirritability and inflammation of the
airways.

A

Bronchial asthma

133
Q

Bronchial asthma

Main problems

A

bronchoconstriction and inflammation

134
Q

Bronchial asthma

Medications

A

Bronchodilators

135
Q

Bronchial asthma

Side effects:

A

tachyarrhythmias,
tachycardia

136
Q
A

MIDTERM-JULS-2ND-1STSEM (4 decks)

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