Pharmacology exam one Flashcards
pharmacology
the study of drugs on biological systems
clinical pharmacology
application of pharmalogical principles to clinical patients
veterinary clinical pharmacology
the use of pharmacological principles to treat animals
comparative pharmacology
the study of drugs in different species
evidence based veterinary clinical pharmacology
pharmacological principles based on research and clinical data
drug
any substance that can effect a biological system
pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the animal
pharmacokinetics
what the animal does to the drug - movement of the drug through the body ADME
pharmacy
the science of the preparation of drugs
toxocology
the study of poisons
natural drug sources
mineral, virus, fungi, bacteria, plant, animal
semisynthetic
from natural sources then chemically treated
synthetic
compound completely manufactured in the lab
summation
?
synergism
?
antagonism
one drug inhibits the effect of the other drug
drug disposition
the study of movement of drugs across a biological membrane in body from time of absorption through elimination - ADME
transmembrane movement
diffusion through lipid membranes and aqueous protein channels in the cell membrane - bulk flow from osmotic differences
paracellular movement
diffusion through intercellular aqueous channels
passive diffusion
movement with a [] gradient move from high to low
drug absorption
movement of the drug from site of administration into the blood
enteral routes of administration
oral, sublingual, rectal (via gut)
parenteral routes of administration
IV, IM, SQ, IP (via injection)
Other routes of administration
topical, inhalation, epidural
drug distribution
transfer of drugs from the bloodstream to tissues around the body
drug metabolism
chemical alteration of the drug by different body tissues
bioinactivation
most drugs - do not need to be metabolized to have an effect
bioactivation
must be metabolized to have an effect
phase I reactions
oxidative, reductive, hydrolitic
glucuronide
NOT cats
sulphate
NOT pigs
methyl
all
acetyl
NOT dogs and cats
glycine
all
glutamine
mainly man
ornithine
birds ONLY
CYPD15
present in 45% of dogs, makes them metabolize celecoxib faster
organic cation transporters (OCT)
secretion of organic bases
organic anion transporters (OAT)
secretion of organic acids
how does acidification of urine pH effect excretion?
enhances excretion of weak basic drugs
how does alkalinization of urine pH effect excretion?
enhances excretion of weak acidic drugs (NSAIDS)
rate
how fast the mass (dose) of a drug changes per unit of time (mg/min)
extent
how much the mass (dose) of a drug changes in total
bioavailability
fraction of the dose given that finds its way into systemic circulation
bioequivalence
different formulations of the same drug are bioequivalent when they absorbed at a similar rate to a similar extent
half life
time required for drug concentration to decrease by 50% ***ONLY with 1st order
1st order kinetics
constant elimination rate, same proportion of drug eliminated all the time
zero order kinetics
fixed elimination rate, same amount of drug eliminated all the time
elimination rate constant
fraction of drug that would be eliminated per unit of time
one compartment open model
considers body as consisting of a single homogeneous compartment
volume of distribution
the volume a drug would occupy if it was evenly distributed at the same concentration as in plasma
total body clearance
volume of distribution of drug in the body cleared of the drug per unit of time
plasma concentration at steady state
drug going in (dose) = drug going out (clearance)
mean residence time
length of drug persistence in the body
pharmacodynamics
study of the effects of drugs and their mechanism of action on the body
types of effects
therapeutic effect, side effect, adverse effect, toxic effect
prodrugs
drug needs to be metabolized to be active
analogues
compete with real substrate for binding to the enzyme
false substrates
abnormal metabolites produced
ionotropic receptors
binding of a drug will either allow or prevent an ion going through the pore
metabotropic receptors AKA G protein coupled receptors, 7TM receptors
after drug bind to receptor, G proteins bind to receptor and take up GTP
kinase coupled receptors
drug binds to receptor that causes phosphorylation to start kinase cascade
nuclear receptors
receptors in cytoplasm transport things to nucleus of cell
receptor subtypes
ex: alpha receptor —> a1 and a2
receptor up-regulation
increase number of receptors (and drug effect)
receptor down regulation
decrease number of receptors (and drug effect)
ligand
anything that binds to a recognition site
agonist
mimics the effect of an endogenous ligand
antagonist
binds to the receptor but does nothing on its own
mixed agonist-antagonist
acts as an agonist on some receptors and antagonist on others
onset of action
time required after drug administration for a response to be observed (latent phase)
duration of action
length of time that a drug is effective - onset of action through termination of action
which drug name is used on a label?
nonproprietary name
1lb = ? g
453.59g
1kg = ? lbs
2.2lbs
5% = ? mg/ml
50mg/ml
1g/ml = ? mg/ml
1000mg/ml