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Pharmacology > Pharmacology exam one > Flashcards

Pharmacology exam one Flashcards

1
Q

pharmacology

A

the study of drugs on biological systems

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2
Q

clinical pharmacology

A

application of pharmalogical principles to clinical patients

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3
Q

veterinary clinical pharmacology

A

the use of pharmacological principles to treat animals

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4
Q

comparative pharmacology

A

the study of drugs in different species

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5
Q

evidence based veterinary clinical pharmacology

A

pharmacological principles based on research and clinical data

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6
Q

drug

A

any substance that can effect a biological system

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7
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

what the drug does to the animal

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8
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

what the animal does to the drug - movement of the drug through the body ADME

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9
Q

pharmacy

A

the science of the preparation of drugs

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10
Q

toxocology

A

the study of poisons

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11
Q

natural drug sources

A

mineral, virus, fungi, bacteria, plant, animal

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12
Q

semisynthetic

A

from natural sources then chemically treated

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13
Q

synthetic

A

compound completely manufactured in the lab

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14
Q

summation

A

?

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15
Q

synergism

A

?

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16
Q

antagonism

A

one drug inhibits the effect of the other drug

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17
Q

drug disposition

A

the study of movement of drugs across a biological membrane in body from time of absorption through elimination - ADME

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18
Q

transmembrane movement

A

diffusion through lipid membranes and aqueous protein channels in the cell membrane - bulk flow from osmotic differences

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19
Q

paracellular movement

A

diffusion through intercellular aqueous channels

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20
Q

passive diffusion

A

movement with a [] gradient move from high to low

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21
Q

drug absorption

A

movement of the drug from site of administration into the blood

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22
Q

enteral routes of administration

A

oral, sublingual, rectal (via gut)

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23
Q

parenteral routes of administration

A

IV, IM, SQ, IP (via injection)

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24
Q

Other routes of administration

A

topical, inhalation, epidural

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25
Q

drug distribution

A

transfer of drugs from the bloodstream to tissues around the body

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26
Q

drug metabolism

A

chemical alteration of the drug by different body tissues

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27
Q

bioinactivation

A

most drugs - do not need to be metabolized to have an effect

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28
Q

bioactivation

A

must be metabolized to have an effect

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29
Q

phase I reactions

A

oxidative, reductive, hydrolitic

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30
Q

glucuronide

A

NOT cats

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31
Q

sulphate

A

NOT pigs

32
Q

methyl

A

all

33
Q

acetyl

A

NOT dogs and cats

34
Q

glycine

A

all

35
Q

glutamine

A

mainly man

36
Q

ornithine

A

birds ONLY

37
Q

CYPD15

A

present in 45% of dogs, makes them metabolize celecoxib faster

38
Q

organic cation transporters (OCT)

A

secretion of organic bases

39
Q

organic anion transporters (OAT)

A

secretion of organic acids

40
Q

how does acidification of urine pH effect excretion?

A

enhances excretion of weak basic drugs

41
Q

how does alkalinization of urine pH effect excretion?

A

enhances excretion of weak acidic drugs (NSAIDS)

42
Q

rate

A

how fast the mass (dose) of a drug changes per unit of time (mg/min)

43
Q

extent

A

how much the mass (dose) of a drug changes in total

44
Q

bioavailability

A

fraction of the dose given that finds its way into systemic circulation

45
Q

bioequivalence

A

different formulations of the same drug are bioequivalent when they absorbed at a similar rate to a similar extent

46
Q

half life

A

time required for drug concentration to decrease by 50% ***ONLY with 1st order

47
Q

1st order kinetics

A

constant elimination rate, same proportion of drug eliminated all the time

48
Q

zero order kinetics

A

fixed elimination rate, same amount of drug eliminated all the time

49
Q

elimination rate constant

A

fraction of drug that would be eliminated per unit of time

50
Q

one compartment open model

A

considers body as consisting of a single homogeneous compartment

51
Q

volume of distribution

A

the volume a drug would occupy if it was evenly distributed at the same concentration as in plasma

52
Q

total body clearance

A

volume of distribution of drug in the body cleared of the drug per unit of time

53
Q

plasma concentration at steady state

A

drug going in (dose) = drug going out (clearance)

54
Q

mean residence time

A

length of drug persistence in the body

55
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

study of the effects of drugs and their mechanism of action on the body

56
Q

types of effects

A

therapeutic effect, side effect, adverse effect, toxic effect

57
Q

prodrugs

A

drug needs to be metabolized to be active

58
Q

analogues

A

compete with real substrate for binding to the enzyme

59
Q

false substrates

A

abnormal metabolites produced

60
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

binding of a drug will either allow or prevent an ion going through the pore

61
Q

metabotropic receptors AKA G protein coupled receptors, 7TM receptors

A

after drug bind to receptor, G proteins bind to receptor and take up GTP

62
Q

kinase coupled receptors

A

drug binds to receptor that causes phosphorylation to start kinase cascade

63
Q

nuclear receptors

A

receptors in cytoplasm transport things to nucleus of cell

64
Q

receptor subtypes

A

ex: alpha receptor —> a1 and a2

65
Q

receptor up-regulation

A

increase number of receptors (and drug effect)

66
Q

receptor down regulation

A

decrease number of receptors (and drug effect)

67
Q

ligand

A

anything that binds to a recognition site

68
Q

agonist

A

mimics the effect of an endogenous ligand

69
Q

antagonist

A

binds to the receptor but does nothing on its own

70
Q

mixed agonist-antagonist

A

acts as an agonist on some receptors and antagonist on others

71
Q

onset of action

A

time required after drug administration for a response to be observed (latent phase)

72
Q

duration of action

A

length of time that a drug is effective - onset of action through termination of action

73
Q

which drug name is used on a label?

A

nonproprietary name

74
Q

1lb = ? g

A

453.59g

75
Q

1kg = ? lbs

A

2.2lbs

76
Q

5% = ? mg/ml

A

50mg/ml

77
Q

1g/ml = ? mg/ml

A

1000mg/ml

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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