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Spring Semester Exams > Pharmacology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subdivisions of betalactams?

A

-penicllins
-cephalosporins

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1
Q

What is the mechanism of action for betalactams?

A

Cell wall inhibitors

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2
Q

What are the 4 main subdivisions of penicillins?

A

-benzyle penicllins
-aminopenicillins
-extendred spectrum penicillin
-anti-staphylococcal penicillins

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3
Q

What are the 4 main groups of cephalosporins?

A

-1st-4th generation

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4
Q

What do benzylpenicillins work against?
-aka pencillin G

A

Strep, anaerobes (gram positive and gram negative) exception is bacterioides fragilis

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5
Q

What are the aminopenillins?

A

-amoxillin
-ampicillin

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6
Q

What bacteria do aminopenicllins cover?

A

-strep, anaerobes (higher doses may be needed) exception is bacterioides fragilis, and some gram negative aerobes (esp. in the urine)

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7
Q

Aminopenicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitiors work against what bacteira?

(clavulonic acid and sulbactam

A

-same as aminopenicillins plus
-Staph (not MRSA)
-bacterioides

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8
Q

Cephalosporin coverage?

A

-gram negative spectrum increases as generation increases
-gram positive spectrum may decrease as generation increases
-anaerobic varies

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9
Q

What are the first generation cephalosporins?

A

-cefazolin and cephalexin

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10
Q

What is the spectrum of first generation cephalosporines?

A

-Strep, maybe staph,

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11
Q

What is the second generation cephalosproin drug name?

A

Cefoxitin

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12
Q

What is the spectrum of cefoxitin

A

-staph (no MRSA), strep,
-anaerobes (surgical prophylaxis for severe dental and gingival diseases

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13
Q

What are the 3rd generation cephalosporins?

A

Ceftiofur, Cefpodoxime, Cefovecin

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14
Q

What is the specturm for 3rd generation cephalosporins?

A

-Strep, Maybe Staph, Cefpodixme and cefovecin for gram negative anaerobes,
-gram negatives (high doser may be needed for ceftiofur)

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15
Q

Beta lactam antibiotics are excellent for what bacteria?

A

strep

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16
Q

What drug group in the beta lactams are better for staphyloccoci

A

Cephalosporins

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17
Q

What drug groups out of the beta lactams have better coverage for gram negatives?

A

Aminopenicillins (UTI) and 3rd generation cephalosporins

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18
Q

What betalactams have best anaerobic spectrum?

A

-penicllins and aminopenicillins

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

A

inhibit protein synthesis at 30s ribosome

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20
Q

What drugs are aminoglycosides?

A

-amikacin and gentamycin

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21
Q

Spectrum of activity for aminoglycosides?

A

-gram negative
-staphy

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22
Q

Fluoroquinolones spectrum of action?

A

DNA gyrase inhibitors

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23
Q

What drugs are in the fluoroquinolone class?

A

-enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, orbifloxacin, pradofloxacin

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24
Spectrum of activity for fluoroquinolones?
-gram negative, staph, ricketssia, myocplasma
25
What is the mechanism of action for tetracyclines?
protein synthesis 30s ribosome
26
What are the drugs in the tetracycline class?
-oxytet, doxycline, minocycline,
27
What is the spectrum of activity for tetracyclines? Which are the most lipophilic?
-gram positive, gram negatives, anaerobes, rickettisa minocycline -> doxy -> oxy
28
What is the mechanism of action for potentiated sulfonamides?
Folic acid inhibition
29
What drugs are potentiated sulfonamides?
-Trimethoprim sulfadiazine -trimethoprim sulfmethoxazole -ormetroprim
30
What is the spectrum of activity for potentiated sulfonamides?
-gram positive, gram negative, protozoa
31
What is the mechanism of action for macrolides and lincosamides?
Protein synthesis 50 s ribosome
32
What drugs are in the macrolide class?
erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
33
What drug is a lincosamide
clindamycin (cant use in rabbits)
34
What is the spectrum of activity for macrolides and lincosamide?
-gram positive aerobes anaerobes (clindamycin)
35
What are macrolides and lincosamide good for?
-abscess and intracellular bacteria
36
What is the mechanism of action for phenicols?
protein syntheiss 50 s ribosome
37
What drug is in this class?
chloramphenicol
38
What is the spectrum of activity for chloramphenicol?
-gram positive aerobes -anaerobes some gram negatives mycoplasma rickettsia good for abscess and intracellular bacteria
39
What is the mechanism of action for nitromidazoles?
DNA synthesis inhibition through toxic metabolite
40
What drugs are in nitromidazole class?
metronidazole
41
spectrum of activity for nitromidazoles?
anaerobes!!! protozoa
42
What are the cell wall inhibitors?
beta lactams
43
What are the DNA gyrase inhibitors
fluroquinolones
44
what are the folic acid inhibitors
potentiated sulfonamides
45
What are the protein synthesis inhibitors at the 30s
-aminoglycosides -tetracyclines
46
what are the protein synthesis inhibitors at the 50 s
macrolides lincosamides phenicols
47
How are benzylpenicillins absorbed?
not orally
48
How is clavamox absorbed
good oral absoprtion in dogs and cats
49
how is ampicillin absorbed
orally absorbed in dogs and cats, not as good as amoxcillcin
50
pencillin distribution
hydrophilic
51
What first generation cephalosporins can be absorbed orally?
cephalexin absorbed orally in dogs and cats
52
cephalosprorin distrubiton?
hydrophilic
53
what 3rd generation cephalosporines are absorbed orally?
cefpodoxime proxetil well absorbed orally in dogs and cats
54
Beta lactams are _ they are _ depedentend
bacteriocidal time
55
Are aminoglycosides absorbed orally? Distribution
NO Hydrophilic
56
Aminoglycosides are _ _ dependent
-bactericidal concentration
57
Absorption of fluoroquinolones?
-moderate to excellent oral -ciprofloxacin is dogs only medication
58
Distribtuion of fluroquinolones
-suitable for prostate and CNS
59
Fluoroquinolones are _/ _ dependent How can you dose?
-bactericidal -concentration --can increase dose or decrease dose interval
60
What tetracyclines are absorbed orally?
Doxy (can not give IV in horses) -minocycline
61
Distribution of tetracylines Which is best for CNS
accumulate intracellularly Minocycline
62
Tetracylines are _ _ dependent
bacteriostatic concentrations
63
Absorption of potentiated sulfonamides
-good orally -can reach high concentrations in the urine
64
_ alone or _ together _ dependent antibiotics
bacteriostatic, bacteriocidal time
65
Macrolides absortption? -distribution?
-good to moderate oral absorption -widely distributed. intracellular. Not CSF
66
Lincosamide absorption? Distribution?
orally good in dogs and cats not horses -widely distributed, intracellular not CSF.
67
Choramphenicol absorption Distribution?
Moderal oral absorption -widely distribtued, intracellular, CSF, EYE
68
macrolines, lincosamides, phenicols?
bacteriostatic
69
Nitromidazole absoprtion?
well absorbed orally
70
Nitromidazole distribution?
-widely distributed -including CSF and eye
71
Nitromidazole is _ _ dependent
bactericidal concentration
72
What drugs are not absorbed orally?
benzylpenicillins aminoglycosides
73
What drugs are not absorbed orally in horses?
aminopenicillins cephalosporins macrolides lincosamides
74
what drugs are not widely distributed?
pencillin, cephalosporin, aminoglycosides (cant treat CNS, eye, prostate)
75
what drugs are bacteriostatic?
-tetracylines, macrolides, lincosamides and phenicols
76
what drugs are bactericidal
beta lactams fluoroquinolones potentiated sulfonamides nitromidazoles aminoglycosides
77
what drugs are time dependent?
beta lactams potentiated sulfonamides
78
what drugs are concentrated dependent
aminoglycosdies fluroquinolone tetracyclines, nitromidazoles
79
What are adverse effects of beta lactams?
They are pretty safe hypersensitivity reactions and mild GI
80
what are adverse effects of aminoglycosides?
-dose dependent nephrotoxicity RISKS GREATLY DECREASED WITH Q24 HOUR DOSING -ototoxicity (increases with cats, topical administration in the ear, and amikacin) -vestibular toxicity -neuromuscular blockade (dont administer at same time as anesthetics and muscle relaxors)
81
What drug has more renal toxicity, amikacin or gentamycin?
genamycin
82
What are adverse effects of fluroquinolones?
Retinal toxicity in cats (especially enro) cartialge damage in young (esp foals)w Pradofloxacin in dogs (bone marrow suppresion,
83
What is the max dose of enrofloxacin we can give?
5mg/kg
84
What are the advese effects of tetracyline?
-nephrotoxcitiy (oxytet) -doxy tabs broken can cause esophgeal strictures in cats -rapid IV administration can cause collapse and hypotension -DENTAL DISCOLORATION
85
What are adverse effects of potentiated sulfonamides?
-numerous in dogs due to decreased acetylation -occurs in dobermans (predisposed to hypersensitivity reactions -cutaneous reactions -KCS -hypothryoidism (AVOID IN ANIMALS DIAGNOSED WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM) -bone marrow suppresion safe in horses cats -> slobbers
86
What are adverse effects of macrolides?
Adult horses and diarrhea Hyperthermia in foals GI in small animals
87
What are adverse effects of lincosamides?
Horses and rabbits and diarrhea (dont use
88
What are adverse effcts of chloramphenicol?
-Caution in cats (lack of glucuruonyl transferase). Bone marrow suppresion Cant use in food animals due to aplastic anemia
89
What are adverse effects of nitromidazole?
Neurotoxicity anorexia
90
What drugs cause renal side effects GI Hepatic bone marrow
-aminoglycosides and tetracyclines -all potentiated sulfonmides in dogs, tetracyclines (rare) -chloramphenicol, potentiated sulfoamindes and prado in dogs
91
What drugs cause ocular side effects musculoskeletal allergic/immune mediated neurotoxicity
-fluroquinolones (cats) and potentiated sulfoamindes -fluoruoquionlones, tetracyclines (young) -potentiated sulfoamides, pencillins, cephalosproins -nitromidazoles, procaine penicilline (horse), aminoglycosides
92

Spring Semester Exams (5 decks)

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