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Spring Semester Exams > Pharmacology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subdivisions of betalactams?

A

-penicllins
-cephalosporins

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1
Q

What is the mechanism of action for betalactams?

A

Cell wall inhibitors

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2
Q

What are the 4 main subdivisions of penicillins?

A

-benzyle penicllins
-aminopenicillins
-extendred spectrum penicillin
-anti-staphylococcal penicillins

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3
Q

What are the 4 main groups of cephalosporins?

A

-1st-4th generation

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4
Q

What do benzylpenicillins work against?
-aka pencillin G

A

Strep, anaerobes (gram positive and gram negative) exception is bacterioides fragilis

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5
Q

What are the aminopenillins?

A

-amoxillin
-ampicillin

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6
Q

What bacteria do aminopenicllins cover?

A

-strep, anaerobes (higher doses may be needed) exception is bacterioides fragilis, and some gram negative aerobes (esp. in the urine)

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7
Q

Aminopenicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitiors work against what bacteira?

(clavulonic acid and sulbactam

A

-same as aminopenicillins plus
-Staph (not MRSA)
-bacterioides

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8
Q

Cephalosporin coverage?

A

-gram negative spectrum increases as generation increases
-gram positive spectrum may decrease as generation increases
-anaerobic varies

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9
Q

What are the first generation cephalosporins?

A

-cefazolin and cephalexin

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10
Q

What is the spectrum of first generation cephalosporines?

A

-Strep, maybe staph,

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11
Q

What is the second generation cephalosproin drug name?

A

Cefoxitin

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12
Q

What is the spectrum of cefoxitin

A

-staph (no MRSA), strep,
-anaerobes (surgical prophylaxis for severe dental and gingival diseases

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13
Q

What are the 3rd generation cephalosporins?

A

Ceftiofur, Cefpodoxime, Cefovecin

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14
Q

What is the specturm for 3rd generation cephalosporins?

A

-Strep, Maybe Staph, Cefpodixme and cefovecin for gram negative anaerobes,
-gram negatives (high doser may be needed for ceftiofur)

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15
Q

Beta lactam antibiotics are excellent for what bacteria?

A

strep

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16
Q

What drug group in the beta lactams are better for staphyloccoci

A

Cephalosporins

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17
Q

What drug groups out of the beta lactams have better coverage for gram negatives?

A

Aminopenicillins (UTI) and 3rd generation cephalosporins

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18
Q

What betalactams have best anaerobic spectrum?

A

-penicllins and aminopenicillins

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

A

inhibit protein synthesis at 30s ribosome

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20
Q

What drugs are aminoglycosides?

A

-amikacin and gentamycin

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21
Q

Spectrum of activity for aminoglycosides?

A

-gram negative
-staphy

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22
Q

Fluoroquinolones spectrum of action?

A

DNA gyrase inhibitors

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23
Q

What drugs are in the fluoroquinolone class?

A

-enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, orbifloxacin, pradofloxacin

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24
Q

Spectrum of activity for fluoroquinolones?

A

-gram negative, staph, ricketssia, myocplasma

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25
Q

What is the mechanism of action for tetracyclines?

A

protein synthesis 30s ribosome

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26
Q

What are the drugs in the tetracycline class?

A

-oxytet, doxycline, minocycline,

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27
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for tetracyclines?

Which are the most lipophilic?

A

-gram positive, gram negatives, anaerobes, rickettisa
minocycline -> doxy -> oxy

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28
Q

What is the mechanism of action for potentiated sulfonamides?

A

Folic acid inhibition

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29
Q

What drugs are potentiated sulfonamides?

A

-Trimethoprim sulfadiazine
-trimethoprim sulfmethoxazole
-ormetroprim

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30
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for potentiated sulfonamides?

A

-gram positive, gram negative, protozoa

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31
Q

What is the mechanism of action for macrolides and lincosamides?

A

Protein synthesis 50 s ribosome

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32
Q

What drugs are in the macrolide class?

A

erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin

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33
Q

What drug is a lincosamide

A

clindamycin (cant use in rabbits)

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34
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for macrolides and lincosamide?

A

-gram positive aerobes
anaerobes (clindamycin)

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35
Q

What are macrolides and lincosamide good for?

A

-abscess and intracellular bacteria

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36
Q

What is the mechanism of action for phenicols?

A

protein syntheiss 50 s ribosome

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37
Q

What drug is in this class?

A

chloramphenicol

38
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for chloramphenicol?

A

-gram positive aerobes
-anaerobes
some gram negatives
mycoplasma
rickettsia

good for abscess and intracellular bacteria

39
Q

What is the mechanism of action for nitromidazoles?

A

DNA synthesis inhibition through toxic metabolite

40
Q

What drugs are in nitromidazole class?

A

metronidazole

41
Q

spectrum of activity for nitromidazoles?

A

anaerobes!!!
protozoa

42
Q

What are the cell wall inhibitors?

A

beta lactams

43
Q

What are the DNA gyrase inhibitors

A

fluroquinolones

44
Q

what are the folic acid inhibitors

A

potentiated sulfonamides

45
Q

What are the protein synthesis inhibitors at the 30s

A

-aminoglycosides
-tetracyclines

46
Q

what are the protein synthesis inhibitors at the 50 s

A

macrolides
lincosamides
phenicols

47
Q

How are benzylpenicillins absorbed?

A

not orally

48
Q

How is clavamox absorbed

A

good oral absoprtion in dogs and cats

49
Q

how is ampicillin absorbed

A

orally absorbed in dogs and cats, not as good as amoxcillcin

50
Q

pencillin distribution

A

hydrophilic

51
Q

What first generation cephalosporins can be absorbed orally?

A

cephalexin absorbed orally in dogs and cats

52
Q

cephalosprorin distrubiton?

A

hydrophilic

53
Q

what 3rd generation cephalosporines are absorbed orally?

A

cefpodoxime proxetil well absorbed orally in dogs and cats

54
Q

Beta lactams are _
they are _ depedentend

A

bacteriocidal
time

55
Q

Are aminoglycosides absorbed orally?
Distribution

A

NO
Hydrophilic

56
Q

Aminoglycosides are _
_ dependent

A

-bactericidal
concentration

57
Q

Absorption of fluoroquinolones?

A

-moderate to excellent oral
-ciprofloxacin is dogs only medication

58
Q

Distribtuion of fluroquinolones

A

-suitable for prostate and CNS

59
Q

Fluoroquinolones are _/
_ dependent
How can you dose?

A

-bactericidal
-concentration
–can increase dose or decrease dose interval

60
Q

What tetracyclines are absorbed orally?

A

Doxy (can not give IV in horses)
-minocycline

61
Q

Distribution of tetracylines
Which is best for CNS

A

accumulate intracellularly
Minocycline

62
Q

Tetracylines are _
_ dependent

A

bacteriostatic
concentrations

63
Q

Absorption of potentiated sulfonamides

A

-good orally
-can reach high concentrations in the urine

64
Q

_ alone or _ together
_ dependent antibiotics

A

bacteriostatic, bacteriocidal
time

65
Q

Macrolides absortption?
-distribution?

A

-good to moderate oral absorption
-widely distributed. intracellular. Not CSF

66
Q

Lincosamide absorption?
Distribution?

A

orally good in dogs and cats not horses
-widely distributed, intracellular not CSF.

67
Q

Choramphenicol absorption
Distribution?

A

Moderal oral absorption
-widely distribtued, intracellular, CSF, EYE

68
Q

macrolines, lincosamides, phenicols?

A

bacteriostatic

69
Q

Nitromidazole absoprtion?

A

well absorbed orally

70
Q

Nitromidazole distribution?

A

-widely distributed
-including CSF and eye

71
Q

Nitromidazole is _
_ dependent

A

bactericidal
concentration

72
Q

What drugs are not absorbed orally?

A

benzylpenicillins
aminoglycosides

73
Q

What drugs are not absorbed orally in horses?

A

aminopenicillins
cephalosporins
macrolides
lincosamides

74
Q

what drugs are not widely distributed?

A

pencillin, cephalosporin, aminoglycosides (cant treat CNS, eye, prostate)

75
Q

what drugs are bacteriostatic?

A

-tetracylines, macrolides, lincosamides and phenicols

76
Q

what drugs are bactericidal

A

beta lactams
fluoroquinolones
potentiated sulfonamides
nitromidazoles
aminoglycosides

77
Q

what drugs are time dependent?

A

beta lactams
potentiated sulfonamides

78
Q

what drugs are concentrated dependent

A

aminoglycosdies
fluroquinolone
tetracyclines,
nitromidazoles

79
Q

What are adverse effects of beta lactams?

A

They are pretty safe
hypersensitivity reactions and mild GI

80
Q

what are adverse effects of aminoglycosides?

A

-dose dependent nephrotoxicity
RISKS GREATLY DECREASED WITH Q24 HOUR DOSING
-ototoxicity (increases with cats, topical administration in the ear, and amikacin)
-vestibular toxicity
-neuromuscular blockade (dont administer at same time as anesthetics and muscle relaxors)

81
Q

What drug has more renal toxicity, amikacin or gentamycin?

A

genamycin

82
Q

What are adverse effects of fluroquinolones?

A

Retinal toxicity in cats (especially enro)
cartialge damage in young (esp foals)w
Pradofloxacin in dogs (bone marrow suppresion,

83
Q

What is the max dose of enrofloxacin we can give?

A

5mg/kg

84
Q

What are the advese effects of tetracyline?

A

-nephrotoxcitiy (oxytet)
-doxy tabs broken can cause esophgeal strictures in cats
-rapid IV administration can cause collapse and hypotension
-DENTAL DISCOLORATION

85
Q

What are adverse effects of potentiated sulfonamides?

A

-numerous in dogs due to decreased acetylation
-occurs in dobermans (predisposed to hypersensitivity reactions
-cutaneous reactions
-KCS
-hypothryoidism (AVOID IN ANIMALS DIAGNOSED WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM)
-bone marrow suppresion
safe in horses
cats -> slobbers

86
Q

What are adverse effects of macrolides?

A

Adult horses and diarrhea
Hyperthermia in foals
GI in small animals

87
Q

What are adverse effects of lincosamides?

A

Horses and rabbits and diarrhea (dont use

88
Q

What are adverse effcts of chloramphenicol?

A

-Caution in cats (lack of glucuruonyl transferase). Bone marrow suppresion
Cant use in food animals due to aplastic anemia

89
Q

What are adverse effects of nitromidazole?

A

Neurotoxicity
anorexia

90
Q

What drugs cause renal side effects
GI
Hepatic
bone marrow

A

-aminoglycosides and tetracyclines
-all
potentiated sulfonmides in dogs, tetracyclines (rare)
-chloramphenicol, potentiated sulfoamindes and prado in dogs

91
Q

What drugs cause ocular side effects
musculoskeletal
allergic/immune mediated
neurotoxicity

A

-fluroquinolones (cats) and potentiated sulfoamindes
-fluoruoquionlones, tetracyclines (young)
-potentiated sulfoamides, pencillins, cephalosproins
-nitromidazoles, procaine penicilline (horse), aminoglycosides

92
Q
A

Spring Semester Exams (5 decks)

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