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Spring Semester Exams > Pharm Part II > Flashcards

Pharm Part II Flashcards

1
Q

What class of drugs are used to treat strep?

A

Beta lactam

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2
Q

If you are treating a dog with severe, gram negative sepsis, what drug classes would you use?

A

-amikacin, enrofloxacin,

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3
Q

You are treating a dog with a foul smelling infection with gas bubbles in the horse, what antibiotic would you choose?

A

-metronidazole, TMS, procaine penicllin G

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4
Q

What route of administration is preferred by most clients?
What route is preferred by most patients?

A

oral
oral

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5
Q

What route of absorption is the most variable?

A

-oral -> GI disease

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6
Q

Intramuscular administration?

A

-tolerated by most patients
-less tolerated by clients
-reliable absorption
-greater risk for injection site reactions

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7
Q

Subcutaneous administration?

A

-subcutaneous
-better tolerated by patients and clients
-absoprtion usually good (beware in dehydrated animal)
SC rarely used in horses due to volume

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8
Q

Intravenous administration?

A

-rarely done by owners
-typically well tolerated by patients
-most technically difficult
-highest absorption -> highest risk for adverse effects

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9
Q

If a drug is injectable, is it suitable for all parental routes?

A

Not necessarily

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10
Q

What drug is administered IV in dogs?

A

Unasyn

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11
Q

What antibiotic can be given IM in horses?

A

Excede, Naxcel

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12
Q

Convenia is approved for which route of administration in cats?

A

SQ

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13
Q

Enrofloxacin is approved for what route of administration in cats?

A

Oral

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14
Q

Enrofloxacin is approved for what route of adminstration in dogs?

A

Oral

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15
Q

Frequency of administration becomes difficult with _ dependent antibiotics

A

Time

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16
Q

Do you overdose or underdose antibiotics?

A

Overdose

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17
Q

Why do we round up for antibiotics?

A

-underdosing may lead to sub-therapeutic concentrations

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18
Q

When do we use the high end of the dose range?

A

-Difficult site of infection (CNS, eye, prostate, abscesses that cant be drained
-Anerobes (lack of blood supply)
-Poorly perfused tissue that cant be removed

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19
Q

Potassium Penicillin

A

-GO slow IV (over 5 min, use small needle)
-causes tachycardia (take HR before)
-often causes cow-flop 15 min after administration

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20
Q

Procaine Penillicin

A

-Refrigerate
-shake the bottle
-change needle after drawing up
-adminster with 18 guage needle
-split dose into 2 sites on 2 sides

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21
Q

What is empiric therapy based on?

A

-choosing an antibiotic based on experience
-which bacteria most commonly causes infection at that site
-which antibiotics will treat those bacteria

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22
Q

Why do we use first line?

A

-cheap, safe, effective
-common, non-life threatening infections
-little impact on human medicine

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23
Q

Why do we use second-line antibiotics?

A

-assumption of resistnace
-more severe infections
-benefit outweight impact

24
Q

What do antibiograms tell you?

A

-They dont tell you about the specific patient
-give you reasonable options for patients that dont respond to first tier treatments
-while awaiting culture results or if culture is not possible

25
Q

What are the top 6 innapropriate antibiotic usages in dogs?

A

-clavamox for URi and community-acquired pneumonia
- urinary tract signs without confirming infection
-metronidazole for treatment of acute diarrhea
-enrofloxacin twice daily- split dose
-routine use of prolonged antibiotic
-dental prophylaxis

26
Q

What are the top 5 innappropriate antibotic uses in horses?

A

-treatment of cough
-wounds over non-vital structures
-prophylactic/peri-operative antibitocs
-TMS once daily
-route use of prolonged antibiotic courses

27
Q

When do we prescribe a systemic antibacterial?

A

-is the bacterial infection confirmed or probable?
-will the infection cause critical illness
-will the infection progress without any treatment
-is the patients condition life threateneing

28
Q

When do we prescribe antibiotics before our C/S results show

A

-high suspicion of bacterial infection (pus, CBC changes, knowledge of common pathogens)
-animal showing signs of sepsis/immunosuppression

29
Q

Is a systemic antibiotic necessary -> No but…

A

-owner requests
-animal will be lost to follow up
-they are really sick and you dont know why

30
Q

When is a systemic antibiotic MAYBE warranted?

A

-bacterial infection that cna be treated topically
-fever of unknown origin

31
Q

When do we not prescirbe a systemic antibiotic?

A

-viral infection without signs of secondary bacterial infection
-in a non immunosuppressed animal
-fungal infections

32
Q

What is the most common bacteria found in equine URI?

A

Strep zoo

33
Q

Most common bacteria found in dog UTI?

A

E.coli

34
Q

Broad spectrum

A

-greater effects on a wider range of resident flora
-antibiotic resistance

35
Q

Narrow spectrum

A

-greater chance of being wrong
-therapeutic failure

36
Q

Common practice is to start _ and go _

A

broad
narrow

37
Q

When do we pick a drug with a small volume of distribution?

A

Infection in the plasma/ISF
-sepsis, pneumonia, pyoderma, UTI

38
Q

When do we pick a drug with a large volume of distribution

A

-infection located in protected site
-CNS, eye, prostate

39
Q

What drugs have a large volume of distribution?

A

-macrolides, fluroquinolones, phenicols, lincosamides

40
Q

If you have an immune compromised patient would you use cidal or static?

A

cidal

41
Q

What do we use to treat supericial bacterial folliculitis?

A

-can use topical
-the longer the infections go on, the more difficult to treat.

42
Q

What antibiotics are practical to administer to dogs for skin and soft tissue?

A

-ampicillin
-TMS (maybe)
–Enrofloxacin
-Cefovecin
-treat for 4 weeks for systemic

43
Q

Will the antibiotics reach the site of infection in the skin/soft tissue?

A

-typically the ECF/ISF

44
Q

What are patient or local factors affecting efficacy of skin and soft tissue infections

A

-allergies (atopy, food, flea)
-immunosuppresion (cancer, metabolic disease)

45
Q

How can you determine if you can use a topical for skin infections?

A

-hairy or non hairy site
-extent -> area
superficial vs deep
-oral exposure

46
Q

Do we treat bite wounds with antibiotics?
What drugs do we use to treat skin and soft tissue?

A

-multiple organisms from the oral cavity and normal skin flora
-may abscess
-need to debride necrotic tissue (think anaerobes)

-clavmox, clindamycin, doxy

47
Q

Do we always treat UTIs?

A

Not if they arent showing CS

48
Q

What antibiotics do we use to treat UTIs

A

-amoxicillin or TMS for 3-5 days
Horses- >TMS, ceftiofur, enrofloxacin

49
Q

What kind of drugs are successful for treating uncomplicated UTI

A

-drugs with intermediate sensitivity

50
Q

What are reasons for treatment failure for UTIs

A

-inadequate duration of treatment (3-5 days)
4-6 weeks minimum if kidney or prostate involved
-Increased urine production (concurrent disease, fluids, increased drug excretion)
-administer at night
-prolonged corticosteroid use
-sequestration of calculi
-infection isnt in the urine (kidney or prostate)

51
Q

What are the blood prostate barriers?

A

-unionized
-lipophilic
-low protein binding
-pH in dog prostatic fluid lower in plasma (trapping of weak bases)

52
Q

Respiratory tract infections barriers

A

-relatively few barriers to lung penetration
-exceptions (non-fenestrated capillaries in the alveoli, abscesses, consolidated

53
Q

Respiratory infections are often _

A

mixed
-aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are most likely
-broad spectrum coverage required initially

54
Q

What drugs can we use for respiratory infections?

A

-B-lactam and aminoglycloside and fluroquinolones

55
Q

How do we treat myocplasma

A

-tetracylclines, and macrolides

56
Q

How do we treat bronchiseptica infections

A

-require antibiotics with good penetration
-tetracyclines and macrolides
-enrofloxacin

57
Q
A

Spring Semester Exams (5 decks)

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