Pharmacology essentials

Question 1

Main drug metabolism

Answer 1

Liver - cytochrome p450 enzyme system

Question 2

Nicotinic receptors are:

Answer 2

Ion channels at NMJ and synapses

Question 3

Muscarinic receptors have:

Answer 3

Action sites with secondary messengers

Question 4

Statins work by

Answer 4

Inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme - blocks cholesterol synthesis in the liver

Question 5

Class one antiarhythmics

Answer 5

Block sodium channels

Lidocaine

Question 6

Class two antiarrhythmics

Answer 6

Beta blockers

Question 7

Class three antiarrhythmics

Answer 7

potassium channel blockers

Amiodarone

Question 8

Class four antiarrythmics

Answer 8

CCB - verapamil

Question 9

What is a dihydropiridine and what is it used for?

Answer 9

Amlodipine, vasodilator

Question 10

What CCB is cardio-selective?

Answer 10

Verapamil

Question 11

Give a tissue plasminogen activators

Answer 11

Reteplase - for emergency with not available PCI

Question 12

Give a DOAC example (Factor Xa inhibitor)

Answer 12

Rivaroxaban

Apixaban

Question 13

Give a DOAC example (direct thrombin inhibitor)

Answer 13

Dabigatran

Question 14

Give an anti-emetic example

Answer 14

Ondansetron - a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist

Question 15

Give an example of an osmotic laxative

Answer 15

Lactulose

Question 16

Give a Stimulant laxitives

Answer 16

Senna

Question 17

Give an antidiarrhoeals

Answer 17

Loperamide

Question 18

Give ABD treatment in order

Answer 18

Prednisolone,
Aspirin like - Sulfasalazine (crohn’s) Mesalazine (UC),
DMARD - azathioprine,
Biologic - infliximab

Question 19

Diabetes 2 medication

Answer 19

Metformin (increased peripheral glucose uptake)
Sulfonureas - Gliclazide (stimulate Beta cells)
Pioglitazone (less insulin resistance, less gluconeogenisis)
GLP-1 agonists - Exenatide (increase insulin release and satiety)
DPP-4 inhibitors - Linagliptin (decrease degradation of GLP-1)

Question 20

UC Inducing Remission

Answer 20

Mild: Sulfasalazine (aminosalicyclate) or Oral prednisolone
Extensive: High does sulfasalazine, beclometasone diproprionate

Question 21

UC step Two

Answer 21

Ciclosporin or IV corticosteroids

Question 22

UC Maintaining remission

Answer 22

Mild: Sulfasalazine, Severe: azothiaprim

Question 23

Crohn’s Inducing Remission

Answer 23

Monotherapy: Prednisolone (sulfasalazine if not tolerated)
Add on (2 or more in 12 months) :

Question 24

Crohn’s Add ons (2 or more in 12 months) :

Answer 24

Azathioprim - assess thiopurine methyltransferase, if deficient, use methotrexate

If severe, infliximab

Question 25

Crohn’s maintaining remission

Answer 25

Azothiaprim

Question 26

UC acute

Answer 26

IV corticosteroid or ciclosporin