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Medicine Theme III > Pharmacology Drugs > Flashcards

Pharmacology Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Rocuronium

(ANS drug)

A

Type: Non depolarizing drug

Indication: Used as an anaesthetic

Role / mechanism of action

  • Competitive antagonist of nicotinic receptors to block ACh receptors, which results in muscle relaxation
  • Decrease Ach in muscles = stop contraction

Side effects

  • Prolonged paralysis
  • NMJ blockage
  • Rash

Extra information

  • Can be overcome by adding an anticholinesterase = increases the Ach)
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2
Q

Suxamethonium

(ANS drug)

A

Type: Depolarizing drug

Indication: Myasethnia Gravis

Role / mechanism of action

  • Overstimulates the nicotinic receptor, then blocks repolarisation
  • Results in an initial contraction followed by a period of inactivation
  • Decrease Ach in muscles - stop contractions

Side effects

  • Muscle pain
  • Bradycardia

Extra information

  • Can be fixed by adding acetyl cholinesterase – decreases the amount of Ach in synapse.
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3
Q

Pyridostigmine

(ANS drug)

A

Type: Reversible Anticholinesterase

_Indication: M_yasethnia Gravis

Role / mechanism of action

  • Slows the breakdown of acetylcholine to maintain the transmission
  • Targets the muscarinic and nicotinic receptor
  • Increases muscle contractions

Side effects

  • Increased salivation
  • GI effects
  • Bradycardia
  • Hypotension
  • paralysis

Extra information

  • symptom relief only
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4
Q

Atropine

(ANS drug)

A

Type: Anticholinergic

Indication: Anticholinesterse poisoning

Role / mechanism of action

  • Used in anticholinesterase poisoning
  • Inhibits the effects of extra ACh at muscarinic receptors which blocks the PSNS and causes symptoms of SNS activations

Side effects

  • Blurred vision
  • Dry mouth
  • hypertension
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5
Q

Cyclophosphamide

(cytotoxic alkylating agent)

A

Type: cytotoxic alkylating agent

Role / mechanism of action:

  • Form DNA crosslinks, which prevents DNA unwinding and thus prevents replication in rapidly dividing cells
  • Targets cells with high turnover, Inc. hair, bone marrow, reproductive cell

Side effects:

  • Bone marrow suppression
  • Infertility
  • Hair loss
  • GI upsets
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6
Q

Doxorubicin

(cytotoxic antibiotic)

A

Type: Antibiotic

Role / mechanism of action

  • Inhibit transcription and translation by changing the DNA structure by binding to topoisomerase
  • Generates reactive oxygen species

Side effects

*

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7
Q

5 – fluorouracil

(cytotoxic anti - metabolite )

A

Type: anti metabolite

Role / mechanism of action

  • Blocks DNA synthesis
  • S – phase specific
  • Pyrimidine (CT) antagonist is substituted into DNA, thus bases can’t be synthesised.

Side effects

  • GI effects
  • Hair loss
  • Bone marrow suppression
  • Hand foot syndrome​
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8
Q

Methotrexate

(cytotoxic folate analogue)

A

Type: cytotoxic folate analogue

Role / mechanism of action

  • Competes against folate which is required for purine (AG) synthesis, so folate antagonists inhibit the DNA replication
  • S phase specific

Side effects

  • Bone marrow suppression
  • Neurotoxic
  • Hepatoxic
  • teratogenic​
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9
Q

Tamoxifen

(Hormone antagonist )

A

Type: Oestrogen hormone antagonist

indication: used in breast cancers

Role / mechanism of action

  • selective oestrogen receptor modulator
  • Acts as an oestrogen antagonist in breast tissue, helps to stop the cancer from being ‘fuelled’
  • Acts as an agonist in bone

Side effects

  • Symptoms similar to menopause
  • Small ↑ in risk of endometrial cancer
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10
Q

Anastrazole

(Hormone antagonist)

A

Type: Estrogen antagonist

indication: breast cancer

Role / mechanism of action

  • Is an aromatase inhibitor
  • Aromatase converts androgen to oestrogen, so it decreases circulating oestrogen

Side effects

  • GI issues
  • ↓ bone density
  • Hot flushes
  • Sweats
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11
Q

Rutiximab

(monoclonal antibody)

A

Type: monoclonal antibody

indication: Non - hodgkins lymphoma

Role / mechanism of action

  • Directed to CD20 surface antigens on B cells in non Hodgkin’s lymphoma, which stimulates lysis
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12
Q

Trastuzamab
(monoclonal antibody)

A

Type: monoclonal antibody

indication: Breast cancer

Role / mechanism of action

  • Binds to and blocks HER-2 (human epidermal Growth factor 2) receptors which inhibit tyrosine kinase and thus inhibit cell proliferation of these cells

Side effects

  • cardiac dysfunction
  • GI effects
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13
Q

Amoxicillin

(Penicillin antibiotic)

A

Type: Penicillin Antibiotic

indication: Broad spectrum

Role / mechanism of action: Bactericidal; interfere with bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, eventually leading to cell lysis and death.
Target transpeptidase enzymes
Administered with C-Lauvonic acid

Side effects:

Hypersensitivity
Super infections

Skin reactions

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14
Q

Erythromycin

(Macrolide Antibiotic)

A

Type: Macrolide antibiotic

indication: broad spectrum antibiotic, for penicillin resistant patients

Role / mechanism of action: Bacteriostatic - inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. They also have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects.

Side effects:

Diarrhoea

Nausea,

vomiting
opportunistic infections

Ototoxicity (ear)

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15
Q

Doxycycline

(tetracycline antibiotic)

A

Type: Tetracycline antibiotic

indication: Malaria, RT infections

Role / mechanism of action: Bacteriostatic; inhibit bacterial protein synthesis (translation) by reversibly binding to 30S subunit of the ribosome​

Side effects:

Chelates calcium

Diarrhoea, Nausea, vomiting

Hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, photosensitive

Thrush

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16
Q

Vancomycin
Glycopeptide antibiotic

A

Type: ​Glycopeptide antibiotic

indication: 3rd line treatment for severe infections and resistant bacteria

Role / mechanism of action:

Bactericidal; inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by preventing formation of peptidoglycan polymers.
The cell becomes weak and then undergoes lysis

Side effects:

Red man syndrome due to histamine induced vasodilation
ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity

17
Q

Cefalexin

(cephalosporin antibiotic )

A

Type: cephalosporin antibiotic

indication: 2nd line treatment for people with a penicillin allergy

Role / mechanism of action: Bactericidal: Interfere with bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, eventually leading to cell lysis and death

Side effects:

Gi effects

Hypersensitivity

Opportunistic infections

18
Q

Ciprofloxacin

(fluoroquinolone antibiotic)

A

Type: fluoroquinolone antibiotic

indication: Broad spectrum for serious infections

Role / mechanism of action: Bactericidal; inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis by blocking DNA gyrase and topoisomerase meaning cell death occur.

Side effects:

Gi effects
Cartilage + tendon damage

Rash

19
Q

Gentamicin

(Aminoglycoside antibiotic)

A

Type: Aminoglycoside antibiotic

indication: Broad spectrum for gram negative aerobic bacteria

Role / mechanism of action: Bacteriostatic; inhibit bacterial protein synthesis (translation) by reversibly binding to 30S subunit of the ribosome. Creates cell membrane damage

Side effects:

Nephrotoxicity

Ototoxicity

Increased NMJ block functions

20
Q

Metronidazole

(Nitroimidazole antibiotic)

A

Type: Nitroimidazole antibiotic

indication: Anaerobic infections

Role / mechanism of action: Taken up by anaerobic bacteria and is reduced into an unstable intermediate
This then interacts with DNA to inhibit nucleic acid synthesis, and thus replication

Side effects:

GI effects
metallic taste

Headache
Dizziness

21
Q

Rifampicin

(Antimycobacterial antibiotic)

A

Type: Antimycobacterial antibiotic

indication: Tuberculosis and s. Aureus

Role / mechanism of action: Bactericidal: Inhibits the beta subunit of RNA polymerase enzymes, resulting in the suppression of RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria

Side effects:

Orange and red secretions
flu symptoms
Hepatotoxicity

22
Q

Isoniazid

(Antimycobacterial Antibiotic)

A

Type: Antimycobacterial Antibiotic

indication: TB

Role / mechanism of action:

Bacteriostatic against dormant TB

Bactericidal against active TB

Inhibits the mycolic acid synthesis which is used in the wall of mycobacteria

Side effects:

Hepatotoxicity
allergic reactions

Acne

Rash

Fever

Clinical hepatitis

23
Q

Trimethoprim

(antibiotic)

A

Type: Antibiotic

Role / mechanism of action: Targets the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase so that folate, an important co factor for RNA and DNA synthesis, can’t occur

24
Q

Acyclovir

(Guanine analogue antiviral)

A

Type: Guanine analogue antiviral

indication: Herpes simplex Virus
Herpes Zoster
Varicella Zoster

Role / mechanism of action:

Inhibits DNA synthesis, as elongation can’t occur

Viral DNA polymerase is also inhibited

Side effects:

GI effects

Local reaction

25
Q

Oseltamivir

(Neuraminidase inhibitor Antiviral)

A

Type: Neuraminidase inhibitor Antiviral

indication: Influenza A and B
prophylactically (prevention)

Role / mechanism of action: Inhibits neuraminidase, by blocking its ability to cleave the budding virus, which prevents the release of the viruses from the cell, so can’t continue to infect

_Side effects:_GI effects, less when taken with food

26
Q

Interferon Alpha

(Antiviral)

A

Type: Antiviral

indication: Hep B and Hep C

Role / mechanism of action: Enhances the body’s immune function against viruses, such as enhanced phagocytosis and apoptosis infected cells.

Side effects:

Autoimmune exacerbation

Headaches

Fever, chills

Psychiatric disorders

27
Q

Ritanovir

(Protease inhibitor antiviral)

A

Type: Protease inhibitor antiviral

indication: Antiretroviral - HIV

Role / mechanism of action: Binds to protease, and thus polyprotein cleavage can’t occur, so viral proteins can’t mature
Boosts the action of other protease inhibitors

Side effects:

GI effects

Taste changes
anorexia
Headaches
Dizziness
Paraesthesia

28
Q

Amphotericin B

(Antifungal)

A

Type: Antifungal

indication: Aspergillus, Candida

Role / mechanism of action: Binds irreversibly to ergosterol, forming pores in the cell membrane, which can alter the cell permeability, leading to the death of the cell

Side effects:

Nephrotoxic (kidneys)

Fever, chills

Vomiting

Hypotension

29
Q

Fluconazole

(Antifungal)

A

Type: Antifungal

indication: Broad antifungal
Fungal meningitis

Role / mechanism of action: Inhibits fungus specific cytochrome P450, and inhibits ergosterol synthesis, both essential components of the fungal membrane​

Side effects:

Gi

Rash

Hepatic effects

Medicine Theme III (7 decks)

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