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Medicine Theme III > Medically important Microbes > Flashcards

Medically important Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Type of microorganism: Bacteria

Virulence factors:
Coagulate clots blood to stop phagocytosis, biofilm, Protein A can bind to HC of antibodies, making it look ‘self’

Diseases it causes: Skin infection, bone infection, endocarditis, bacteraemia

Transmission: Contact with discharging wound, normal flora in some people

Treatment: Hand hygiene, sterilisation, disinfection,

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2
Q

E. Coli

A

Type of microorganism: Bacteria

Gram –

Bacillus shape
Facultative anaerobe

Virulence factors: Adhesins, Haemolysins, K antigens making the biofilm

Diseases it causes: UTI’s, bladder infections

Transmission: Opportunistic normal flora of the colon

Treatment: Antibiotics

Symptoms: UTI

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3
Q

Bordella Pertusis ​

A

Type of microorganism: Bacteria
Gram -
Coccobacillus
Aerobic

Virulence factors:

Encapsulated

Motile

flagellum like structure

Diseases it causes: Whooping cough

Transmission: respiratory droplets

Treatment: Vaccine, antibiotics

Symptoms: Cough, fever, etc.

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4
Q

Clostridium Tetani

A

Type of microorganism: Bacteria
Gram -
Bacillus shape

Strict anaerobe

Virulence factors: Tetanospasmin Toxin

Diseases it causes: Tetanus

Transmission: inoculation of rusted metal

Treatment: Antitoxin, anticonvulsive, antibiotics

Symptoms:

Muscle spasms and locked muscles, starting with jaw

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5
Q

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

A

Type of microorganism: Bacteria
Gram +

Double cocci

Facultative anaerobe

Virulence factors:

Antiphagocytic capsule

Pneumolysin toxin

Diseases it causes:

Pneumonia

Meningitis

Transmission: Respiratory droplets
Autoinoculation in RT

Treatment: Penicillins, fluids and rest

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6
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Type of microorganism: Bacteria,

Gram +

Cocci in chains

Facultative anaerobe

Virulence factors: Attachment proteins, antiphagocytic capsules, pyrogenes toxins

Diseases it causes: Strep throat, Rheumatic fever, heart disease, scarlet fever

Transmission:

Direct contact

Droplet inoculation

Treatment:

Amoxycillin without delay

Prevent with hygeine

Symptoms: Temperature, rash, headache, sore mouth, palpable lymph nodes.

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7
Q

Salmonella Typhi

A

Type of microorganism: Bacteria

Gram –

Bacillus shape

Facultative Anaerobe

Virulence factors: Flagella

Diseases it causes: Typhoid

Transmission:

Faecal Oral route

Direct contact

Normal flora

Treatment: Antibiotics, fluids, preventative vaccine

Symptoms: Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhoea, fever, fatigue, abdominal pain

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8
Q

Clostridium Perfringens

A

Type of microorganism: Bacteria

Gram +

Bacillus
Anaerobe

Virulence factors:

Spore forming

Toxins

Diseases it causes: Food poisoning

Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated food

Treatment: Oral rehydration, IV fluid, Antibiotics, Vaccine

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9
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

Type of microorganism: Bacteria

Gram –

Curved Bacillus

Facultative Anaerobe

Virulence factors: Suppresses normal GIT flora. Has a toxin which causes rice water stool

Diseases it causes: Cholera

Transmission:

Faecal oral route

Direct contact

Treatment: Oral rehydration, IV fluid, antibiotics, vaccine

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10
Q

Neisseria Gonorrhoea

A

Type of microorganism: Bacteria

Gram –

Diplococi
Aerobe

Virulence factors: Pili, proteins

Diseases it causes: STI

Transmission: Sexual, transplacental

Treatment: Antibiotics

Symptoms: Pain and burning while urinating, pain

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11
Q

Treponema Pallidum

A

Type of microorganism: Bacteria

Black Dieterle
Spiral shape

Microaerophilic

Virulence factors: No specific virulene factors

Diseases it causes: Syphilis

Transmission: Sexual, transplacental

Treatment: Penicillin

Symptoms: Rashes, anaemia, deaf Hutchinson’s teeth, jaundice

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12
Q

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

A

Type of microorganism: Bacteria
Acid Fast stain
Bacillus shape

Strict aerobe

Virulence factors: Mycolic acid cell wall, toxic cord factor which prevents leukocytes, enzymes.

Diseases it causes: TB, Invades the lung epithelium

Transmission: Airborne droplets

Treatment: Antibiotics

Symptoms: Mild flu, cough, sweats, chest pain

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13
Q

Neisseria Meningitis

A

Type of microorganism: Bacteria

Gram –

Double Cocci

Strict Aerobe

Virulence factors:

Endotoxin which kills RBC. Polysaccharide capsule – antiphagocytic

Fimbriae

Diseases it causes: Meningococcal disease

Transmission: Respiratory droplets

Treatment: Diagnosed by blood or CSF. antibiotics and IB, anti-convulsive and cortisone sedatives.

Symptoms: Headache, fever, vomiting, convulsion, rash, bruising
stiff neck

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14
Q

Hepatitis B ​

A

Type of microorganism: Virus
DNA virus
Enveloped Virus

Diseases it causes: Hep B (chronic and acute)

Transmission: Infected blood or bodily fluids containing blood = inoculation, sex

Treatment: Most can clear spontaneously; you might need a liver transplant

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15
Q

HPV

A

Type of microorganism: Virus

DNA Virus
Non - enveloped

Virulence factors: Only occurs in keratinocytes = outer surfaces

Diseases it causes: Normal = skin warts, more severe = cervical cancer

Transmission: Skin to skin contact = sexual

Treatment: Freeze off the warts

Symptoms: warts

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16
Q

Rotavirus

A

Type of microorganism: Virus
RNA virus
Non enveloped

Diseases it causes: Gastro

Transmission: Faecal oral route

Treatment:

Oral rehydration and rest

Oral vaccine

Symptoms:

17
Q

Herpes Simplex Virus 2

A

Type of microorganism: Virus
DNA virus
Enveloped

Virulence factors: It can be dormant and live in DR ganglion. Can be systemic and local

Diseases it causes: Herpes

Transmission: Sexually or perinatally

Treatment: Acyclovir for at risk

Symptoms: Flu like, blisters around mouth and genitals

18
Q

Varicella Zoster Virus
(herpes virus)

A

Type of microorganism: Virus

DNA virus

Enveloped

Virulence factors: Injects conjunctiva which can replicate

Diseases it causes: Chickenpox and shingles

Transmission: Coughing, direct contact with rash blisters

Treatment: Vaccine available for babies

Symptoms: Fever, inflamed rash skin

19
Q

HIV

A

Type of microorganism: Virus
RetroVirus

RNA Virus

Enveloped

Virulence factors: Glycoproteins GP120-GP41 which can recognise and bind to CD4 T Helper Cells and kills them

Diseases it causes: HIV and then later AIDs

Transmission: Rich bodily fluids
Perinatally

Treatment: Combination ART therapy

20
Q

Influenza A

A

Type of microorganism: Virus
8 segments of RNA

Enveloped virus

Virulence factors: Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase= allows the virus to enter and exit cells

Diseases it causes: The flu

Transmission: Direct contact, respiratory drops being inhales

Treatment: Rest, fluids, painkillers

Symptoms: Fever, chills, headache, weakness, runny nose etc

21
Q

Candida Albicans

A

Type of microorganism: Yeast , dimorphic

Virulence factors: Can form biofilms
Acid proteases to help evade the immune system
Can morph into hyphae form

Diseases it causes: Thrush
Esophagitis
Candidemia – in the blood (check eyes)

Transmission: Opportunistic normal flora of the epithelium

Treatment:

Diagnosis

  • Culture then MALDI - TOF, Molecular - RT - PCR, PCR
  • Danger of misdiagnosis
  • Candida albicans grow green

Treat via antifungal cream or medication.

22
Q

Cryptococcus Neoformans

A

Type of microorganism: Fungi
Yeast

Virulence factors: Has a huge capsule

Diseases it causes: Meningitis
Lung infections
Some skin borne and joint infections

Transmission: Pigeon droppings NO person to person transmission

Treatment: Diagnose using Indian ink, due to the thick capsule

23
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci

A

Type of microorganism: Fungi

Yeast

Diseases it causes: Pneumocystis, pneumonia

Transmission: Transmission occurs through air – person to person

diagnosis:

Symptoms are similar to normal pneumonia

Can use PCR, microscopy, serology or a biopsy to diagnose

Symptoms: one of the first indicators of the AIDs pandemic

24
Q

Sporothrix schenkii

A

Type of microorganism: Fungi
Dimorphic

Diseases it causes: Sporotrichosis – rose gardeners’ disease

Transmission: Via inoculation / puncture

Treatment: Treatment can take up to 6 months

25
Q

Tinea

A

Type of microorganism: Fungi
Mould

Virulence factors: Hyphae produce athrospores that can adhere to keranocytes

Diseases it causes: Tinea – athletes foot. Can be: Pedis, Corporis, cruris

Transmission: Direct skin contact

Symptoms: Red skin rash

26
Q

Aspergillus

A

Type of microorganism: Fungi
Mould

Virulence factors: Spores

Diseases it causes: Invasive aspergillosis in the lungs, and sometimes the brain.

Transmission: Airborne spores from rotting veggies and materials

Symptoms: Dry cough and fever, perpetuating into pleuritic chest pain and haemoptysis. Can be diagnosed by Microscopy, culture (from sputum), histology, radiography

27
Q

Malaria

A

Type of microorganism: Parasite
Protozoa

Blood, CNS

Species: Five Species

  1. Plasmodium. Falciparum (most severe)
  2. P. Ovale
  3. P. Vivax
  4. P. Malariae
  5. P. Knowlesi

Important features:

Achieve very high parasitaemia – anaemia, hypoglycaemia, lactic acidosis

Rosetting – clustering of unparasitized cells around infected ones – exacerbates obstruction of capillaries

Resistant​

Symptoms:

Fever, chills,

Sweat

‘Fever from a returning traveller is malaria until proven otherwise’

650k deaths

Transmission: (SMGS)

Sporozoites –> human host RBC

Sporozoites (ASR) –> merozoites

Merozoites (SR) –> gametocytes
Gametocytes –> mosquito which then undergo meiosis à sporozoites

Treatment and prevention

Treatment:

Quinine (old treatment due to side effect of ringing ears)

Doxycycline (side effects)

NO vaccine

Artesunate

Prevention

Mosquito nets, spraying, prophylaxis for travellers, DEET

28
Q

Trichomonas

A

Type of microorganism: Parasite,

Protozoa
Urogenital

Species: Trichomonas vaginalis

Features: Anaerobic parasite

Causes ulceration of the cervix

Transmission: Sexual

Symptoms: Smelly & frothy vaginal discharge
Lower abdominal discharge

Diagnosis: Stool exam

Treatment and prevention:

Treatment

Metronidazole

29
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii

A

Type of microorganism: Parasite
Protozoa
CNS, Lymph nodes

Features: Invade mucousal membranes

Transmission:

Obtained from kittens
Eating food contaminated by cat faeces

Diagnosis:

Serology

Histology

Radiology

Symptoms: Asymptomatic
can get muscle pain and cerebral if immunocompromised

30
Q

Giardia

A

Type of microorganism: Parasite
Protozoa
GIT

Important features: Flagella
Multiply and colonise quickly the small bowel

Symptoms:

Abdominal pain

Nausea

Greasy, smelly and floaty stool

Malabsorption

Transmission: Faecal oral route through contaminated water
Direct contact

Treatment and prevention:

Treatment:

Metronidazole
Tinidazole
Prevention

Avoid contaminated water

Diagnosis = Stool exam

31
Q

Hookworms

A

Type of microorganism: Parasite

Helminth, Nematode

Species:

  • Ancylostoma duodenale*
  • Necator americanus*

Features:

Simple life cycle

Can burrow through skin
Small bowel location

Suck blood from GI tract

>40m infected worldwide

Transmission:

Eggs in faeces (Faecal oral)
Larva hatches and penetrates into the skin of the feet – direct contact

Migrate à small intestine

Symptoms:

Skin itch

Diarrhoea and abdominal pain

Iron deficiency

Treatment : Albendazole (chocolate tabs)

Diagnosis: look for eggs

32
Q

Filariasis

A

Type of microorganism: Parasite, Helminth, Nematode

Species: 4 species of Mozzie vectors

  • Anopheles*
  • Culex*
  • Aedes*
  • Mansonia*

Important features: They are asymptomatic whilst the larvae mature – up to 5 years

Symptoms: Lymphadema

Diagnosis: Midnight Smear

Treatment: Doxycycline

Transmission Patterns: Mosquitoes
Larvae enter via a skin wound, migrate and then live in lymphatics – cause blockages etc.

33
Q

Enterobius

A

Type of Microorganism: Parasite,

Helminth
Nematode

Important factors: Mainly infect children aged 5-10

Symptoms: Itchy anal area

Test: Sellotape test in the morning to see eggs

Treatment:

Mebendazole (should be given to the whole family

Transmission patterns: Worms live in intestine and females migrate out at night to lay eggs outside the anus

Medicine Theme III (7 decks)

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