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Pharmacology > Pharmacology Definitions > Flashcards

Pharmacology Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Additive Effects

A

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.

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2
Q

Adverse Effects

A

Any undesirable bodily effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs

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3
Q

Agonist

A

A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more biochemical receptor types in the body.

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4
Q

Allergic reaction

A

An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication

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5
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more biochemical receptor types in the body

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6
Q

Bioavailability

A

A measure of the extent of drug absorption into systemic circulation for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%)

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7
Q

Chemical name

A

The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug

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8
Q

Contraindication

A

Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or other patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

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9
Q

Drug

A

Any chemical that affects the physiologic process of a living organism

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10
Q

Drug-Induced teratogenesis

A

The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs

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11
Q

Duration of Action

A

The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response.

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12
Q

First Pass Effect

A

The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream

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13
Q

Generic Name

A

The name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Names Council. The generic name is generally much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark.

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14
Q

Half-life

A

In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body.

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15
Q

Idiosyncratic reaction

A

An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient

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16
Q

Metabolite

A

A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical (metabolic) reactions involving the parent drug

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17
Q

Onset of Action

A

The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing

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18
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity.

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19
Q

Pharmacognosy

A

The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources

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20
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. It includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs

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21
Q

Pharmacology

A

Broadest term for the study or science of drugs

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22
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs

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23
Q

Prodrug

A

An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body

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24
Q

Receptor

A

A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances (e.g. drug molecules) and one or more corresponding cellular effects occurs as a result of this drug-receptor interaction.

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25
Q

Steady State

A

The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose.

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26
Q

Synergistic Effects

A

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone.

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27
Q

Therapeutic Effect

A

The desired or intended effect of a particular medication

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28
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug

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29
Q

Toxicology

A

The study of poisons. It deals with the effects of drugs and other chemicals in living systems, their detection and treatments to counteract their poisonous effects

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30
Q

Trade Name

A

The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer (also called the proprietary name or brand name)

31
Q

Active Transport

A

The active energy-requiring movement of a substance between different tissues via biomolecular pumping mechanisms contained within cell membranes

32
Q

Diffusion

A

The passive movement of a substance (e.g. a drug) between different tissues from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentrations

33
Q

Polypharmacy

A

The use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient, who often has several health problems.

34
Q

Drug Therapy During Pregnancy

A
  • Fetus exposed to many of the same substances as mother

* First trimester

35
Q

Iatrogenic Effects

A

Unintentional adverse effects that are caused by the actions of a physician or other health care professional or by a specific treatment

36
Q

Legend Drugs

A

Medications that are not legally available without a prescription from a licensed prescriber. Prescription drugs.

37
Q

Over-the-counter drugs

A

OTC Medications that are legally available without prescription

38
Q

Acute Pain

A

Pain that is sudden in onset, usually subsides when treated, and typically occurs over less than a 6-week period

39
Q

Agonist

A

A substance that binds to a receptor and causes a response

40
Q

Allopurinol

A

Drug Profile- A xanthine oxidase inhibitor which prevents uric acid production and is useful in preventing gout attacks

41
Q

Analgesics

A

Medications that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness.

42
Q

Anesthesia

A

Loss of the ability to feel pain, resulting from the administration of an anesthetic drug or other medical interventions.

43
Q

Anesthetics

A

Drugs that depress the central nervous system to produce diminution of consciousness, loss of responsiveness to sensory stimulation, or muscle relaxation.

44
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug that binds to a receptor and prevents (blocks) a response.

45
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of the joints

46
Q

Balanced Anesthesia

A

The practice of using combinations of drugs rather than a single drug to produce anesthesia

47
Q

Chronic Pain

A

Pain resulting from any disorder that is often difficult to treat. Typically it is pain that lasts 3-6 months

48
Q

Gate Theory

A

The most common and well described theory of pain transmission and pain relief.

49
Q

General Anesthesia

A

A drug-induced state in which the CNS is altered to produce varying degrees of pain relief throughout the body as well as depression of consciousness, skeletal muscle relaxation, and diminished or absent reflexes.

50
Q

Gout

A

Hyperuricemia; the arthritis caused by tissue build up or uric acid crystals

51
Q

Inflammation

A

A localized protective response stimulated by injury to tissues that serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurious agent and the injured tissue.

52
Q

Local Anesthetics

A

Drugs that render a specific portion of the body insensitive to pain at the level of the peripheral nervous system, normally without affecting consciousness. (May also be called regional anesthetics)

53
Q

Malignant Hyperthermia

A

A genetically linked major adverse reaction to general anesthesia, characterized by a rapid rise in body temperature, as well as tachycardia, tachypnea, and sweating

54
Q

Morphine Sulfate

A

Drug Profile A naturally occurring alkaloid derived from the opium poppy, is the drug prototype for opioids and narcotics

55
Q

NSAIDS

A

Non Steroidal Antinflammatory Drugs (abbreviation) A large, chemically diverse group of drugs that are analgesics and also possess antinflammatory and antipyretic activity but are not steroids

56
Q

Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs

A

NMBA (abb) A group of drugs that prevent nerve transmission in certain muscles, leading to paralysis of the muscles. They are often used with anesthetics for surgical procedures.

57
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

Pain that results from a disturbance of function or pathologic change in a nerve.

58
Q

Opiate Analgesic

A

Natural narcotic drug containing or derived from opium that binds to opiate receptors in the brain to relieve pain.

59
Q

Opioid Analgesics

A

Synthetic narcotic drugs that bind to opiate receptors to relieve pain but are not themselves derived from the opium plant.

60
Q

Opioid Tolerance

A

A normal physiologic condition that results from long-term opioid use, in which larger doses of opiods are required to maintain the same level of analgesia and in which abrupt discontinuation of the drug results in withdrawal symptoms

61
Q

Overton-Meyer Theory

A

A theory that describes the relationship between the lipid solubility of anesthetic drugs and their potency

62
Q

Pain Threshold

A

The level of a stimulus that results in the perception of pain.

63
Q

Pain Tolerance

A

The amount of pain a patient can endure without its interfering with normal function

64
Q

Phantom Pain

A

Pain experienced in the area of a body part that has been surgically or traumatically removed.

65
Q

Physical Dependence

A

The physical adaption of the body to the presence of an opioid or other addictive substance.

66
Q

Referred Pain

A

Pain occurring in an area away from the organ of origin.

67
Q

Rheumatism

A

General term for any of several disorders characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures, especially joints and related structures.

68
Q

Salicylism

A

The syndrome of salicylate toxicity, including such symptoms as tinnitus (ringing sound in the ears), nausea and vomiting.

69
Q

Somatic Pain

A

Pain that originates from skeletal muscles, ligaments, or joints

70
Q

Succinylcholine

A

Drug Profile The only currently available depolarizing NMBA

71
Q

Superficial Pain

A

Pain that originates from the skin or mucous membranes

72
Q

Topical Anesthetics

A

A class of local anesthetics that are applied directly to the skin and mucous membranes. They consist of solutions, ointments, gels, creams, powders, ophthalmic drops, and suppositories.

73
Q

Visceral Pain

A

Pain that originates from organs or smooth muscles.

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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