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Pharmacology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Drug

A

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

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2
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study or science of drugs

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3
Q

Chemical Name

A

Describes the drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure

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4
Q

Generic Name

A

(Non proprietary name)

Name given by the United States Adopted Name Council

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5
Q

Trade Name

A

(Proprietary Name)
The drug name has a registered trademark; use of the name is restricted by the drug’s patent owner (Usually the manufacturer)

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6
Q

Pharmaceutics

A

The study of how various drug forms influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics activities

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7
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A 
The study of what the body does to the drug
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
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8
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The study of what the drug does to the body

The mechanism of drug actions in living tissues

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9
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

The use of drugs and the clinical indications for drugs to prevent and treat diseases

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10
Q

Pharmacognosy

A

The study of natural (plant and animal) drug sources

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11
Q

Drug absorption of various oral preparations

Fastest to slowest

A 
Liquids, elixirs, syrups
Suspension solutions
Powders
Capsules
Tablets
Coated tablets
Enteric-coated tablets
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12
Q

Pharmacokinetics: Absorption

A

The rate at which a drug leaves its site of administration, and the extent to which absorption occurs

  • Bioavailability
  • Bioequivalency
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13
Q

Factors that affect absorption

Absorption characteristics vary according to the dosage form and route

A
  • Food or fluids administered with the drug
  • Dosage formulation
  • Status of the absorptive surface
  • Rate of blood flow to the small intestine
  • Acidity of the stomach
  • Status of GI motility
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14
Q

Routes

A

A drug’s route of administration affects the rate and extent of absorption of that drug

  • Enteral (GI tract)
  • Parenteral
  • Topical
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15
Q

Enteral Route

A

The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa or the small intestine

  • Oral
  • Sublingual
  • Buccal
  • Rectal
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16
Q

First-Pass Effect

A

The metabolism of a drug and its passage from the liver into the circulation

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17
Q

A drug given via the oral route may be-

A

Extensively metabolized by the liver before reaching the systemic circulation (high first-pass effect)

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18
Q

The same drug given IV-

A

Bypasses the liver, preventing the first-pass effect from taking place, and more drug reaches the circulation

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19
Q

Parenteral Route

A
  • Intravenous (fastest delivery into the blood circulation)
  • Intramuscular
  • Subcutaneous
  • Intradermal
  • Intraarterial
  • Intrathecal
  • Intraarticular
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20
Q

Topical Route

A
  • Skin (including transdermal patches)
  • Eyes
  • Ears
  • Nose
  • Lungs (inhalation)
  • Rectum
  • Vagina
21
Q

Distribution

A

The transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to its site of action

  • Protein binding
  • Water soluble vs. fat soluble
  • Blood brain barrier
  • Areas of rapid distribution: heart, liver, kidneys, brain
  • Areas of slow distribution: muscle, skin, fat
22
Q

Metabolism/Biotransformation

A

The biochemical transformation of a drug into an active metabolite, a more soluble compound, or a more potent metabolite

  • Liver (main organ)
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Kidneys
  • Lungs
  • Plasma
  • Intestinal mucosa
23
Q

Biologic transformation of a drug into:

A
  • An inactive metabolite
  • A more soluble compound
  • A more potent metabolite
24
Q

Factors that decrease metabolism

A
  • Cardiovascular dysfunction
  • Renal insufficiency
  • Starvation
  • Obstructive jaundice
  • Slow acetylator
  • Erythromycin or ketoconazole drug therapy
25
Q

Factors that increase metabolism

A
  • Fast acetylator
  • Barbiturate therapy
  • Rifampin therapy
26
Q

Delaying drug metabolism causes:

A
  • Accumulation of drugs

* Prolonged action of the drugs…drug toxicity

27
Q

Stimulating drug metabolism causes:

A

*Diminished pharmacologic effects

28
Q

Excretion

A

The elimination of drugs from the body

  • Kidneys
  • Liver
  • Bowel- biliary excretion-enterohepatic recirculation
29
Q

Half Life

A
  • The time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body.
  • A measure of the rate at which a drug is removed from the body
  • Most drugs considered to be effectively removed after about five half-lives
  • Steady State
30
Q

Onset

A

The time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

31
Q

Peak

A

The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response

32
Q

Duration

A

The time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response

33
Q

Peak Level

A

Highest blood level

34
Q

Trough Level (Nadir)

A

Lowest blood level

35
Q

Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of Action

A
  • Receptor interactions
  • Enzyme interactions
  • Nonselective interactions
36
Q

Agonist

A

Drug binds to receptor: there is no response

37
Q

Partial Agonist

A

Drug binds to the receptor, the response is diminished compared with that elicited by an agonist

38
Q

Antagonist

A

Drug binds to the receptor: there is no response. Drug prevents binding of agonists

39
Q

Competitive Antagonist

A

Drug competes with the agonist for binding to the receptor. If it binds there is no response

40
Q

Noncompetitive Antagonist

A

Drug combines with different parts of the receptor and inactivates it: agonist then has no effect

41
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics: Types of Therapies

A
  • Acute therapy
  • Maintenance therapy
  • Supplemental/replacement therapy
  • Palliative therapy
  • Supportive therapy
  • Prophylactic therapy
  • Empiric therapy
42
Q

Contraindications

A
  • Any characteristic of the patient, especially a disease state, that makes the use of a given medication dangerous for the patient
  • It is important to assess for contraindications
43
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

Ratio of a drug’s toxic level to the level that provides therapeutic benefits

44
Q

Tolerance

A

Decreasing response to repeated drug doses

45
Q

Dependence

A

Physiologic or psychological need for a drug

46
Q

Interactions may occur with other drugs or food ***A drug interaction is the alteration of a drug’s actions by:

A
  • Other prescribed drugs
  • Over-the-counter medications
  • Herbal therapies
47
Q

Drug Interactions

A
  • Additive
  • Synergistic
  • Potentiation
  • Antagonistic
  • Incompatibility
48
Q

Drug Sources: Four main sources

A
  1. Plants
  2. Animals
  3. Minerals
  4. Laboratory synthesis

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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