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2a- pharmacology lectures > pharmacology definitions > Flashcards

pharmacology definitions Flashcards

used all lecture notes to combine important definitions. checked against spec

1
Q

define drug interactions

A

how one drug affects the action of another drug,

can be positive or negative,

3 main classes

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2
Q

what are the 3 main classes of drug interactions

A
  1. physiochemical
  2. pharmacodynamics
  3. pharmacokinetics
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3
Q

describe the drug interaction: physiochemical

A

2 drugs reacting, completely independent of what’s happening in the body

eg. same effect in test tube as body

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4
Q

give an example of a physiochemical reaction

A

Overdose of paracetamol →

given ‘activated charcoal’ in hospital →

it sticks to the paracetamol and prevents it from being absorbed

this is ADSORPTION

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5
Q

what’s the difference between adsorption and absorption?

A

Adsorption compounds cling to the surface of the molecule,

whereas absorption substances enter the bulk phase of a liquid or solid.

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6
Q

define bioavailability

A

how much a drug is available for use over a period of time.

is the fraction of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation unaltered

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7
Q

when is bioavailability always 100%?

A

when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%.

because it all reaches the systemic circulation

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8
Q

define pharmacodynamic

A

Any effect the drug has on the human body (intended or not)

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9
Q

define Pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does with the drug , the action of drugs in the body

(the disposition of a compound within an organism)

aka. the study of drug metabolism

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10
Q

what is an enzyme inhibitor?

A

An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.

It prevents the substrate from entering the enzyme’s active site and prevents it from catalysing its reaction

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11
Q

define transport

A

when molecules move across a cell membrane

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12
Q

define active transport

A

moves ions from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. Needs energy from ATP

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13
Q

define xenobiotics

A

compounds foreign to an organism normal biochemistry

such as any drug or poison

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14
Q

define a drug

A

a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body

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15
Q

define pharmacology

A

the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects and modes of action of drugs

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16
Q

what is meant by Drugability?

A

the ability of a protein target to bind small molecules with high affinity (sometimes called ligandability).

A protein is ‘druggable’

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17
Q

what is a receptor?

A

a component of a cell that interacts with a specific ligand and initiates a change of biochemical events leading to the ligands observed effects.

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18
Q

what is a ligand?

A

a molecule that binds to another (usually larger) molecule

can be exogenous or endogenous

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19
Q

what is an agonist?

A

a compound that binds to a receptor and activates it

can be full or partial

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20
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

a compound that reduces the effect of an agonist

(DOES NOT ACTIVATE A RECEPTOR)

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21
Q

what does EC50 on a log dose response curve mean?

A

‘half maximal effective concentration’

ie. the concentration of a drug needed to cause half of the maximum possible effect/response

22
Q

define potency

A

a measure of drug activity expressed in terms of the amount required to produce an effect of given intensity.

A highly potent drug evokes a given response at low concentrations

whether a drug is ‘strong’ or ‘weak’ relates to how well the drug binds to the receptor, the binding affinity.

23
Q

define affinity

A

describes how well a ligand binds to the receptor

(agonists and antagonists both have affinity)

24
Q

define efficacy

A

describes how well a ligand activates the receptor

( agonists have efficacy, antagonists have 0 efficacy)

this is the concept of full or partial agnostic

25
Q

what is a receptor reserve?

A

Some agonists only need to activate a small fraction of the existing receptors to produce maximal response.

Have SPARE

Partial agonists don’t have a receptor reserve

26
Q

what is signal transduction?

A

a basic process involving the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a functional change within the cell.

(After a ligand interaction with receptor on cell surface)

27
Q

what is signal amplification

A

action to increase the strength of a signal

28
Q

define tolerance

A

biological response to a drug diminishes SLOWLY

down regulation of the receptors with prolonged use, Need higher doses to achieve the same effect

29
Q

define desensitisation

A

biological response to a drug diminishes RAPIDLY

30
Q

what is parenteral administration?

A

administration that bypasses digestive system

ie. not orally given

31
Q

define partial agonists

A

drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist

not picked up by all receptors to

32
Q

define and ADR?

A

Adverse drug reactions:

unwanted or harmful reactions following the administration of drugs or combination of drugs under normal conditions of use and are suspected to be related to the drug.

Has to be noxious and unintended .

33
Q

define side effects

A

an unintended effect of a drug related to its pharmacological properties

can include unexpected benefits of treatment

34
Q

define hypersensitivity

A

= objectively reproducible symptoms or signs, initiated by exposure to a defined stimulus at a dose tolerated by normal subjects’ and may be caused by immunologic (allergic) and non‐immunologic mechanisms’

35
Q

define Anaphylaxis

A

an acute allergic reaction to an antigen to which the body has become hypersensitive

36
Q

define Cholinergic

A

Cholinergic medications act upon the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and its receptors

37
Q

define Adrenergic

A

Adrenergic medications bind to adrenergic receptors throughout the body.

(these are adrenaline and noradrenaline receptors)

38
Q

define afferent nerves

A

signal towards the brain/spinal cord

39
Q

define efferent nerves

A

signal away from the brain/spinal cord

40
Q

define stereoisomers

A

have the same molecule formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the 3D orientations of their atoms in space

41
Q

define absorption

A

the process of transfer from the site of administration into the general or systemic circulation

42
Q

define elimination

A

The removal of a drugs activity from the body

43
Q

define half life

A

this is the time taken for a concentration to reduce by one half

44
Q

define drug distribution

A

Rate and extent of movement of a drug into tissues from blood

45
Q

define an inverse agonist

A

a drug that binds to the same receptor binding site as an agonist, but induces an opposite response to that agonist

46
Q

define a competitive antagonist

A

directly competes with the agonist by binding to the same active site and blocking it

it inhibits (does not activate)

is reversible and surmountable

47
Q

define a non competitive antagonist

A

A non-competitive antagonist binds to an allosteric binding site on the receptor, to block its activation

It does not completely block the effect of the agonist

and it isn’t competing with the antagonist for the same binding site

48
Q

define selectivity

A

refers to a drug’s ability to preferentially produce a particular effect

its the degree to which a drug acts on a given site relative to other sites.

Relatively nonselective drugs affect many different tissues or organs.

better term to use (over specificity)

49
Q

define specificity

A

the capacity of a drug to cause a particular action in a population.

compounds are nerve 100% specific

the measure of a receptors ability to respond to a single ligand

50
Q

example of an agonist

A

Adrenaline is an agonist at beta adrenoceptors

Opioids are agonists for opioid receptors in the brain

51
Q

define: first pass metabolism

A

rapid uptake and metabolism of an agent into inactive compounds by the liver, immediately after enteric absorption and before it reaches the systemic circulation

i.e. concentration of the drug is greatly reduced before it reaches systemic circulation.

2a- pharmacology lectures (12 decks)

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