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pharmacology > pharmacology chapter 2 > Flashcards

pharmacology chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

an acute condition caused by loss or absence of granulocyte wbc

A

agranulocytosis

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2
Q

the process occurs from the time a substance enters the body to the time it enters the blood stream; to be circulated

A

absorption

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3
Q

drugs that produce effect similar to those produced by naturally occuring hormones, neurotransmitter, and other substances

A

agonist

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4
Q

drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites

A

antagonist

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5
Q

the portion of a drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to act on body cells

A

bioavailability

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6
Q

also referred to as metabolism when drugs r altered from their original form into a new form by the body

A

biotransformation

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7
Q

transport of drug molecules within the body after, injected,obsorbed into the bloodstream to tissues.to site of action metabolim, and excretion

A

distribution

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8
Q

drugs or metabolites that are excreted in bile, reabsorbed from the small intestine ,returned to the liver metabolized ,and eventually excreted in urine.

A

enterohepatic recirculation

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9
Q

stimulate liver cells to produce larger amount of drugs -metabolizing enzymes accelerate drug metabolism because larger amounts of the enzymes (and more binding sites) allow larger amounts of a drug to be metabolized during a given time.

A

enzyme inducting drugs

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10
Q

inhibits production of drug-metabolizing enzymes and often occurs with concurrent administration of two or more drugs that compete for the same metabolizing enzymes occurs within hours or days of starting an inhibiting agents

A

enzyme inhibiting drugs

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11
Q

elimination of a drug from the body effective excretion requires adequate functioning of the circulatory system and of the organs of excretion (kindneys, bowel, lungs,and skin).

A

excretion

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12
Q

initial meabolism of some oral drugs as they are carried from intestine to the liver by the portal circulatory system prior to reaching the systemic circulation for distribution to site od action

A

first - pass effects

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13
Q

allergy,may occur with almost any drug it is unpredictable and unrelated to dose occurs in patients who have been previously exposed to the drug or a similar substance and who have seveloped antibodies ,drugs react with antibodies to cause cell damage and the release of histamine and other intracellular substance subsequently causing mild rash to anaphylactic shock

A

hypersensitivity

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14
Q

abnormally low white blood cell count

A

leukopenia

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15
Q

the rate at which cells burn energy

A

metabolism

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16
Q

toxic or damage effects of a substance on the kindneys renal damage interferes with drugs excretions, causing drug accumulation and increased adverse effects

A

nephrotoxicity

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17
Q

reactions between living system and drugs drug actions on target cells and the resulting alterations in cellular biochemical reactions and functions

A

pharmacodynamics

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18
Q

study of genetic variations that result in interindividual differences in drug response

A

pharmacogenetics

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19
Q

drug movement through the body to reach sites of action Absorption,Distribution,metabolism and excretion

A

pharmacokinetics

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20
Q

drugs initally inactive and exert no pharmacologic effects until they are metabolized

A

prodrugs

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21
Q

many drugs form a compound with plasma proteins,mainly albumin,which act as carriers allows part of a drug dose to be stored and released as needed

A

protein binding

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22
Q

a laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a particular time

A

serum drug level

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23
Q

also called elimination half-life is the time required for the serum concentration of to decrease by 50 %

A

serum half-life

24
Q

cns stimulations agitation,cofusion,hallucinations,psychosis seizres from substance abuse ocp

A

cns adverse effects

25
Q

nasua,voniting,constipation,diarrhea, from antibotics,iburofen nonstaroid antiflammation

A

GI adverse effects

26
Q

excessive bleeding,clot formation throbosis bown marrow depression anemias associated with anicoagulants and thrombolyics bone marrow is from anticancer drugs

A

hematologic adverse effects

27
Q

hepitits ,liver dyfunction or failure,biliary disfunction diorder acetaminophen Tylenol isoniazid,inh,methotrexate trexall

A

hepatic adverse effects

28
Q

nephritis, renal insufficiency or failure using antimicrobial agents, e. g. gentamicin,aminoglycosides, nonsteroidal anti-infammatory agents, ibuprofen

A

NEPHROTOXICITY

29
Q

allergy which may accure with almost all drugs

A

HYPERSENITIVITY

30
Q

allergic reaction,damage to tissue,interfering with body heat

A

FEAVER

31
Q

unexpected reaction to a drug accurs first time its given

A

IDIOSYNCRASY

32
Q

WITH MIND ALTERING DRUGS SUCH AS OPIOID ANALGESICS,SEDATIVE-HYNOTIC AGENT,ANTIANXIETY CNS STIMULANTS .physiologic is the symptoms and psychological lead to drug seeking

A

DRUG DEPENDENCE

33
Q

ABILITY FOR SUBSTANCE TO CAUSE CANCER SOME HORMONE AND ANTICANER DRUGS

A

CARCINOGENICITY

34
Q

THE ABILITY OF SUBSTANCE TO CAUSE ABNORMAL

FETAL DEVELOPMENT WHEN TAKEN BY MOM. ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUDS AND STAIN CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING DRUGS

A

TERATOGENICITY

35
Q

Cells are dynamic “factories” that
Take in raw materials
Manufacture products required to maintain bodily functions
Deliver those manufactured products to the appropriate destination within the body
Differ from one tissue to another

A

Cellular Physiology

36
Q

Exchange materials with immediate environment
Obtain energy from nutrients
Duplicate themselves
Communicate with one another via biologic chemicals

A

Cells can

37
Q

Drugs must reach and interact with cell membrane to affect cellular function
Most drugs are given for systemic effect
Transport pathways and mechanisms move drug molecules through the body

A

Drug Transport Through Cell Membranes

38
Q

Onset of drug action is determined by rate of absorption
Factors that affect rate and extent of drug absorption
Dosage form, route of administration
Administration site blood flow, GI function

A

Absorption

39
Q

Drugs are carried by blood and tissue fluids to
Action sites
Metabolism sites
Excretion sites
Depends on adequacy of blood circulation

A

Distribution process

40
Q

Distribution process affect

A

Protein binding
Blood-brain barrier
Pregnancy
Lactation

41
Q

inactivated or biotransformed ,Drugs changed to
Inactive metabolites
Active metabolites
Prodrugs

A

Metabolic process

42
Q

Drug-metabolizing enzymes are located within

A 
Kidneys
 Liver
 Red blood cells, plasma
 Lungs
 Gastrointestinal mucosa
43
Q

Factors that affect drug metabolism

A

Enzyme induction

Enzyme inhibition

44
Q

is the transport of drug molecules within the body.

A

Distribution

45
Q

is the process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated.

A

Absorption

46
Q

A laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a particular timeDosage, absorption
Bioavailability, half-life
Rates of metabolism, excretion

A

Serum drug level

47
Q

Minimum effective concentration (MEC) must be present for efficacy

A

Minimum effective concentration (MEC) must be present for efficacy

48
Q

Excessive level of medication in bloodstream; caused by
Single large dose
Repeated small doses
Slow metabolism of medication

A

Toxic concentration

49
Q

Activation, inactivation, or alteration of intracellular enzymes
Changes in the permeability of cell membranes to one or more ions
Modification of the synthesis, release, or inactivation of neurohormones

A

Drugs exert their effects by chemically binding with receptor cells through

50
Q 
Relatively few drugs do not act on receptor sites. 
 Antacids
 Osmotic diuretics
 Several anticancer drugs
 Metal chelating agents
A

Nonreceptor Drug Actions

51
Q

Nonreceptor Drug Actions DOSAGE

A

Frequency, size, number of doses

52
Q

Nonreceptor ROUTE OF ADMINISTATION

A

Influences absorption and distribution
Drug-diet interactions
Drug-drug interactions

53
Q

Interactions that can INCREASE therapeutic or adverse effects

A

Interactions that can INCREASE therapeutic or adverse effects

54
Q

Interactions in which drug effects are decreased DECREASED

A

Antidote medication
Decreased intestinal absorption of drugs
Increased metabolism rate of drugs

55
Q

treatment TOXICY

A

Starting treatment soon after ingestion
Supporting and stabilizing vital function
Preventing anymore damage by Reducing absorption Increasing elimination
Administering antidotes whenever possible

pharmacology (5 decks)

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