pharmacology chapter 2 Flashcards
an acute condition caused by loss or absence of granulocyte wbc
agranulocytosis
the process occurs from the time a substance enters the body to the time it enters the blood stream; to be circulated
absorption
drugs that produce effect similar to those produced by naturally occuring hormones, neurotransmitter, and other substances
agonist
drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites
antagonist
the portion of a drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to act on body cells
bioavailability
also referred to as metabolism when drugs r altered from their original form into a new form by the body
biotransformation
transport of drug molecules within the body after, injected,obsorbed into the bloodstream to tissues.to site of action metabolim, and excretion
distribution
drugs or metabolites that are excreted in bile, reabsorbed from the small intestine ,returned to the liver metabolized ,and eventually excreted in urine.
enterohepatic recirculation
stimulate liver cells to produce larger amount of drugs -metabolizing enzymes accelerate drug metabolism because larger amounts of the enzymes (and more binding sites) allow larger amounts of a drug to be metabolized during a given time.
enzyme inducting drugs
inhibits production of drug-metabolizing enzymes and often occurs with concurrent administration of two or more drugs that compete for the same metabolizing enzymes occurs within hours or days of starting an inhibiting agents
enzyme inhibiting drugs
elimination of a drug from the body effective excretion requires adequate functioning of the circulatory system and of the organs of excretion (kindneys, bowel, lungs,and skin).
excretion
initial meabolism of some oral drugs as they are carried from intestine to the liver by the portal circulatory system prior to reaching the systemic circulation for distribution to site od action
first - pass effects
allergy,may occur with almost any drug it is unpredictable and unrelated to dose occurs in patients who have been previously exposed to the drug or a similar substance and who have seveloped antibodies ,drugs react with antibodies to cause cell damage and the release of histamine and other intracellular substance subsequently causing mild rash to anaphylactic shock
hypersensitivity
abnormally low white blood cell count
leukopenia
the rate at which cells burn energy
metabolism
toxic or damage effects of a substance on the kindneys renal damage interferes with drugs excretions, causing drug accumulation and increased adverse effects
nephrotoxicity
reactions between living system and drugs drug actions on target cells and the resulting alterations in cellular biochemical reactions and functions
pharmacodynamics
study of genetic variations that result in interindividual differences in drug response
pharmacogenetics
drug movement through the body to reach sites of action Absorption,Distribution,metabolism and excretion
pharmacokinetics
drugs initally inactive and exert no pharmacologic effects until they are metabolized
prodrugs
many drugs form a compound with plasma proteins,mainly albumin,which act as carriers allows part of a drug dose to be stored and released as needed
protein binding
a laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a particular time
serum drug level
also called elimination half-life is the time required for the serum concentration of to decrease by 50 %
serum half-life
cns stimulations agitation,cofusion,hallucinations,psychosis seizres from substance abuse ocp
cns adverse effects
nasua,voniting,constipation,diarrhea, from antibotics,iburofen nonstaroid antiflammation
GI adverse effects
excessive bleeding,clot formation throbosis bown marrow depression anemias associated with anicoagulants and thrombolyics bone marrow is from anticancer drugs
hematologic adverse effects
hepitits ,liver dyfunction or failure,biliary disfunction diorder acetaminophen Tylenol isoniazid,inh,methotrexate trexall
hepatic adverse effects
nephritis, renal insufficiency or failure using antimicrobial agents, e. g. gentamicin,aminoglycosides, nonsteroidal anti-infammatory agents, ibuprofen
NEPHROTOXICITY
allergy which may accure with almost all drugs
HYPERSENITIVITY
allergic reaction,damage to tissue,interfering with body heat
FEAVER
unexpected reaction to a drug accurs first time its given
IDIOSYNCRASY
WITH MIND ALTERING DRUGS SUCH AS OPIOID ANALGESICS,SEDATIVE-HYNOTIC AGENT,ANTIANXIETY CNS STIMULANTS .physiologic is the symptoms and psychological lead to drug seeking
DRUG DEPENDENCE
ABILITY FOR SUBSTANCE TO CAUSE CANCER SOME HORMONE AND ANTICANER DRUGS
CARCINOGENICITY
THE ABILITY OF SUBSTANCE TO CAUSE ABNORMAL
FETAL DEVELOPMENT WHEN TAKEN BY MOM. ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUDS AND STAIN CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING DRUGS
TERATOGENICITY
Cells are dynamic “factories” that
Take in raw materials
Manufacture products required to maintain bodily functions
Deliver those manufactured products to the appropriate destination within the body
Differ from one tissue to another
Cellular Physiology
Exchange materials with immediate environment
Obtain energy from nutrients
Duplicate themselves
Communicate with one another via biologic chemicals
Cells can
Drugs must reach and interact with cell membrane to affect cellular function
Most drugs are given for systemic effect
Transport pathways and mechanisms move drug molecules through the body
Drug Transport Through Cell Membranes
Onset of drug action is determined by rate of absorption
Factors that affect rate and extent of drug absorption
Dosage form, route of administration
Administration site blood flow, GI function
Absorption
Drugs are carried by blood and tissue fluids to
Action sites
Metabolism sites
Excretion sites
Depends on adequacy of blood circulation
Distribution process
Distribution process affect
Protein binding
Blood-brain barrier
Pregnancy
Lactation
inactivated or biotransformed ,Drugs changed to
Inactive metabolites
Active metabolites
Prodrugs
Metabolic process
Drug-metabolizing enzymes are located within
Kidneys Liver Red blood cells, plasma Lungs Gastrointestinal mucosa
Factors that affect drug metabolism
Enzyme induction
Enzyme inhibition
is the transport of drug molecules within the body.
Distribution
is the process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated.
Absorption
A laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a particular timeDosage, absorption
Bioavailability, half-life
Rates of metabolism, excretion
Serum drug level
Minimum effective concentration (MEC) must be present for efficacy
Minimum effective concentration (MEC) must be present for efficacy
Excessive level of medication in bloodstream; caused by
Single large dose
Repeated small doses
Slow metabolism of medication
Toxic concentration
Activation, inactivation, or alteration of intracellular enzymes
Changes in the permeability of cell membranes to one or more ions
Modification of the synthesis, release, or inactivation of neurohormones
Drugs exert their effects by chemically binding with receptor cells through
Relatively few drugs do not act on receptor sites. Antacids Osmotic diuretics Several anticancer drugs Metal chelating agents
Nonreceptor Drug Actions
Nonreceptor Drug Actions DOSAGE
Frequency, size, number of doses
Nonreceptor ROUTE OF ADMINISTATION
Influences absorption and distribution
Drug-diet interactions
Drug-drug interactions
Interactions that can INCREASE therapeutic or adverse effects
Interactions that can INCREASE therapeutic or adverse effects
Interactions in which drug effects are decreased DECREASED
Antidote medication
Decreased intestinal absorption of drugs
Increased metabolism rate of drugs
treatment TOXICY
Starting treatment soon after ingestion
Supporting and stabilizing vital function
Preventing anymore damage by Reducing absorption Increasing elimination
Administering antidotes whenever possible
