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pharmacology > Chapters 1-2 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

Is the study of drugs (chemicals) that alter functions of the organisms

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

Also called pharmacotherapy, is the use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and disease.

A

Drug therapy

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3
Q

Drugs given for therapeutic purposes are called

A

Medications

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4
Q

Individual drugs that represent groups of drugs are called

A

Prototypes

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5
Q

Involves the cost of drug therapy, which include the cost of purchasing, dispensing, storage, and administration; laboratory and other test used to monitor patient responses; and losses due to expiration.

A

Pharmaceconomics

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6
Q

Often indicate the drug group

A

Generic name

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7
Q

Name designated and patented by the manufacture

A

Trade or brand name

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8
Q

Regulates the manufacture, distribution, advertising, and labeling of drugs

A

Food, drug, and cosmetic act of 1938

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9
Q

Regulates the manufacture and distribution of narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids

A

Controlled substance act

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10
Q

Designates drugs that must be prescribed by a licensed physician or nurse practitioner and discussed by a pharmacist

A

Durham Humphrey Amendment

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11
Q

The FDA approves many new drugs annually. New drugs are categorized according to their review priority in therapeutical potential. What is a new drug that is to bring me reviewed on priority and accelerated basis?

A

1P

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12
Q

When the FDA transfers prescription drugs to OTC status Name the three characteristics that must be analyzed

A
  • They may be administered get a lower dose van prescription.
  • They may require additional clinical trials to determine safety and effectiveness for over-the-counter use.
  • They may be used for different indications than the original prescription Medication
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13
Q

Having drugs available OTC has potential advantages and disadvantages for consumers. What is one advantage?

A

Faster and more convenient access to effective treatment

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14
Q

When prevention worked here is not a reasonable goal, relief of symptoms can do what? Name two

A

Improve a patient’s quality of life.

Improve ability to function in activities of daily living

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15
Q

Drugs are classified according to what features?

A

Therapeutic uses

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16
Q

What do the names of therapeutic classifications usually reflect?

A

Conditions for which the medication is used

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17
Q

How many drugs be prescribed and dispensed?

A

By generic board tradename.

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18
Q

Once a drug is patented It may or may not be manufactured by other companies until the patent expires

A

May not

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19
Q

The main goal of current drug laws and standards is to ensure that

A

Drugs are marketed for therapeutic purposes are safe and effective

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20
Q

What are the advantages of using synthetic drugs? Name three

A
  • Increased standardized chemical characteristics.
  • More consistent therapeutic effects.
  • Last allergenic
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21
Q

What does the comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control at regulates?

A

Manufacture and distribution of narcotics

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22
Q

What are nurses responsible for? Name string

A
  • Story controlled substances in locked containers.
  • Recording prescribe controlled substances and medication administration records.
  • Maintaining and accurate inventory of narcotics
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23
Q

People and companies that are legally empowered to handle controlled substances must do what? Name three.

A
  • Keep accurate records of all transactions.
  • Be registered with that DEA.
  • Provide for secure storage of controlled substances.
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24
Q

What does the national Institute of health revitalization at stipulate?

A

Women and minorities must be included in drug research studies.

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25
Q

Since 1962, newly developed drugs have been extensively tested before being marketed for general use. What do drug companies do to test initially?

A

Testing drugs with animals

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26
Q

FDA approval of a drug for OTC availability includes what?

A

Evaluation of evidence that the consumer can use the drug safely, using information on the product label

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27
Q

What should the beginning student of pharmacology use it as the primary source of drug data?

A

Pharmacology text

28
Q

What is the manufactures responsibility during phase 5 Plumtry trial?

A

Continue to monitor the drugs effects why the drug is in general use.

29
Q

What is designated by the Durham Humphrey amendment?

A

Drugs that must be prescribed by a licensed physician.

30
Q

What is a major disadvantage of using over-the-counter medication?

A

People may choose OTC that interacts with another medication.

31
Q

Are chemicals that alter basic processes in body cells

A

Drugs

32
Q

Drugs must reach and interact with or crossed the ____to stimulate or inhibit cellular function

A

Cell membrane

33
Q

_____ Involves drug movement through the body (i.e., what the body does to the drug) to reach sites of action, metabolism and excretion

A

Pharmacokinetics

34
Q

____ Is the process that occurs from the time a drug enters time it until the bloodstream to be circulated.

A

Absorption

35
Q

Liquid medications are absorbed____ then tablets or capsules because they need not be dissolved

A

Faster

36
Q

___ occur when two drugs with similar pharmacologic actions are taken

A

Additive Effect

37
Q

____ Occurs when two drugs with different sites for mechanisms of action produce greater effect when taken together

A

Synergism

38
Q

_____ By one drug with the metabolism of a drug may result in intensified effects on the second drunk.

A

Interference

39
Q

____ Of one drug from plasma proteins-binding site of a second drop (i.e., drugs with a strong attraction to protein-binding sites may displace a less tightly bound drug) increases the best of the displaced drug

A

Displacement

40
Q

A/an ____ Drug can be given to antagonize the toxic effects of another drug.

A

Antidote

41
Q

In-laws that transport drug molecules within the body after the drug is injected or absorbed into the bloodstream

A

Distribution

42
Q

An important factor of drug distribution

A

Protein binding

43
Q

The method by which drugs are in activated for biotransformed by the body

A

Metabolism

44
Q

Elimination of a drug from the body

A

Excretion

45
Q

A laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood any particular time

A

A serum drug level

46
Q

Explain what is bio availability

A

It is the portion of a dulls it reaches the systemic circulation in is available to act body cells

47
Q

A drug is 100% bioavailable when it is administered by what route

A

IV

48
Q

After chronic administration of a drug a doctor prescribes a higher dose of medication due to a process called enzyme induction Because Some drugs stimulate liver cells produce?

A

Larger amounts of drug metabolizing enzymes

49
Q

A person as prescribed a combination of medications and they are exhibiting signs of Texas City related to the new drug regimen. A possible cause of the change in absorption of this medication may be enzyme inhibition. What are two reasons for the enzyme inhibition.

A
  • -It may occur with concurrent administration of two or more drugs that compete for the same metabolizing enzymes.
  • -It may necessitate the administration of smaller doses of the medication.
50
Q

In the first-past effect or presystemic metabolism, a drug is extensively metabolized in the liver, what’s only part of the drug dose reaching the systemic circulation for distribution to sites of action. The first bypass effect occurs when some drugs are given by what route?

A

Orally

51
Q

Whereas some drugs or metabolites are excreted in bio and then illuminated in feces, others are excreting in file, the absorbed from the small intestine, and then returned to the liver. What is the name of this process?

A

Enterohepatic recirculation

52
Q

For most drugs, Serum levels indicate that onset, peak, and duration of drug activation. After a single dose of a drug is given, onset of action occurs when the drug level reaches what?

A

MEC

53
Q

In clinical practice, measurement of serum drug levels is useful in what circumstances?

A
  • When drugs with a narrow margin of safety are given, because they’re there. Doses are close to their toxic doses
  • To document the serum drug levels associated with particular drug dosages, therapeutic effects, or possible adverse effects.
  • Go to monitor unexpected responses to a drug dose, such as decreased therapeutic effects or increased adverse effects.
  • When a drug overdose is suspected
54
Q

Which skin condition would be most likely to cause increased systemic absorption of a topical medication?

A

Severe sunburn

55
Q

When a drug Is given at a stable dose, how many half-life. I required to achieve steady-state concentrations and develop equilibrium between tissue and serum concentrations?

A

4 to 5

56
Q

pharmacodynamics involves drug actions on target cells and results in what?

A

Alterations and cellular biochemical reactions and functions.

57
Q

Relatively few drugs act by mechanisms other than combination withreceptor sites on cells. Drugs that do not act on receptor sites include? Name three

A

Antacids, osmotic diuretics, Purines

58
Q

If a doctor prescribes medication and then modifies it on multiple occasions to achieve the maximum therapeutic effects of the drugs, what is the rationale for the drug changes?

A

Dosage determines whether the drug actions may be therapeutic or toxic

59
Q

If a person is ordered to take medication three times today and on an empty stomach, , does it matter if they take one of those with a meal or not

A

Yes it matters, food may slow down the absorption of the drug

60
Q

If a person is diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease and the doctor orders selegiline, what food is the patient advised not to eat

A

Cheese

61
Q

If a person is diagnosed with atrial fibrillation and prescribed Coumadin, the nurse would instruct them to avoid what food?

A

Vitamin K

62
Q

If a person is diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia and prescribed a Statin by their doctor, is part of the educational plan what food should they avoid?

A

Grapefruit

63
Q

Changes in aging in the geriatric patient that may affect excretion and promote accumulation of drugs in the body include what?

A

Decreased globular filtration rate

64
Q

Why would a doctor order a ace inhibitor for an African American instead of a diuretic As part of the treatment for hypertension

A

Diuretics are shown to be more ineffective then Ace inhibitors for a African American males with hypertension

65
Q

If a person has a 12 year history of EtOH abuse and is injured in a accident and requires surgery with general anesthesia. What type of dosage would be expected for this patient

A

A larger than normal dose of the general anesthesic

pharmacology (5 decks)

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