Chapters 1-2 Flashcards
Is the study of drugs (chemicals) that alter functions of the organisms
Pharmacology
Also called pharmacotherapy, is the use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and disease.
Drug therapy
Drugs given for therapeutic purposes are called
Medications
Individual drugs that represent groups of drugs are called
Prototypes
Involves the cost of drug therapy, which include the cost of purchasing, dispensing, storage, and administration; laboratory and other test used to monitor patient responses; and losses due to expiration.
Pharmaceconomics
Often indicate the drug group
Generic name
Name designated and patented by the manufacture
Trade or brand name
Regulates the manufacture, distribution, advertising, and labeling of drugs
Food, drug, and cosmetic act of 1938
Regulates the manufacture and distribution of narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and anabolic steroids
Controlled substance act
Designates drugs that must be prescribed by a licensed physician or nurse practitioner and discussed by a pharmacist
Durham Humphrey Amendment
The FDA approves many new drugs annually. New drugs are categorized according to their review priority in therapeutical potential. What is a new drug that is to bring me reviewed on priority and accelerated basis?
1P
When the FDA transfers prescription drugs to OTC status Name the three characteristics that must be analyzed
- They may be administered get a lower dose van prescription.
- They may require additional clinical trials to determine safety and effectiveness for over-the-counter use.
- They may be used for different indications than the original prescription Medication
Having drugs available OTC has potential advantages and disadvantages for consumers. What is one advantage?
Faster and more convenient access to effective treatment
When prevention worked here is not a reasonable goal, relief of symptoms can do what? Name two
Improve a patient’s quality of life.
Improve ability to function in activities of daily living
Drugs are classified according to what features?
Therapeutic uses
What do the names of therapeutic classifications usually reflect?
Conditions for which the medication is used
How many drugs be prescribed and dispensed?
By generic board tradename.
Once a drug is patented It may or may not be manufactured by other companies until the patent expires
May not
The main goal of current drug laws and standards is to ensure that
Drugs are marketed for therapeutic purposes are safe and effective
What are the advantages of using synthetic drugs? Name three
- Increased standardized chemical characteristics.
- More consistent therapeutic effects.
- Last allergenic
What does the comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control at regulates?
Manufacture and distribution of narcotics
What are nurses responsible for? Name string
- Story controlled substances in locked containers.
- Recording prescribe controlled substances and medication administration records.
- Maintaining and accurate inventory of narcotics
People and companies that are legally empowered to handle controlled substances must do what? Name three.
- Keep accurate records of all transactions.
- Be registered with that DEA.
- Provide for secure storage of controlled substances.
What does the national Institute of health revitalization at stipulate?
Women and minorities must be included in drug research studies.
Since 1962, newly developed drugs have been extensively tested before being marketed for general use. What do drug companies do to test initially?
Testing drugs with animals
FDA approval of a drug for OTC availability includes what?
Evaluation of evidence that the consumer can use the drug safely, using information on the product label
What should the beginning student of pharmacology use it as the primary source of drug data?
Pharmacology text
What is the manufactures responsibility during phase 5 Plumtry trial?
Continue to monitor the drugs effects why the drug is in general use.
What is designated by the Durham Humphrey amendment?
Drugs that must be prescribed by a licensed physician.
What is a major disadvantage of using over-the-counter medication?
People may choose OTC that interacts with another medication.
Are chemicals that alter basic processes in body cells
Drugs
Drugs must reach and interact with or crossed the ____to stimulate or inhibit cellular function
Cell membrane
_____ Involves drug movement through the body (i.e., what the body does to the drug) to reach sites of action, metabolism and excretion
Pharmacokinetics
____ Is the process that occurs from the time a drug enters time it until the bloodstream to be circulated.
Absorption
Liquid medications are absorbed____ then tablets or capsules because they need not be dissolved
Faster
___ occur when two drugs with similar pharmacologic actions are taken
Additive Effect
____ Occurs when two drugs with different sites for mechanisms of action produce greater effect when taken together
Synergism
_____ By one drug with the metabolism of a drug may result in intensified effects on the second drunk.
Interference
____ Of one drug from plasma proteins-binding site of a second drop (i.e., drugs with a strong attraction to protein-binding sites may displace a less tightly bound drug) increases the best of the displaced drug
Displacement
A/an ____ Drug can be given to antagonize the toxic effects of another drug.
Antidote
In-laws that transport drug molecules within the body after the drug is injected or absorbed into the bloodstream
Distribution
An important factor of drug distribution
Protein binding
The method by which drugs are in activated for biotransformed by the body
Metabolism
Elimination of a drug from the body
Excretion
A laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood any particular time
A serum drug level
Explain what is bio availability
It is the portion of a dulls it reaches the systemic circulation in is available to act body cells
A drug is 100% bioavailable when it is administered by what route
IV
After chronic administration of a drug a doctor prescribes a higher dose of medication due to a process called enzyme induction Because Some drugs stimulate liver cells produce?
Larger amounts of drug metabolizing enzymes
A person as prescribed a combination of medications and they are exhibiting signs of Texas City related to the new drug regimen. A possible cause of the change in absorption of this medication may be enzyme inhibition. What are two reasons for the enzyme inhibition.
- -It may occur with concurrent administration of two or more drugs that compete for the same metabolizing enzymes.
- -It may necessitate the administration of smaller doses of the medication.
In the first-past effect or presystemic metabolism, a drug is extensively metabolized in the liver, what’s only part of the drug dose reaching the systemic circulation for distribution to sites of action. The first bypass effect occurs when some drugs are given by what route?
Orally
Whereas some drugs or metabolites are excreted in bio and then illuminated in feces, others are excreting in file, the absorbed from the small intestine, and then returned to the liver. What is the name of this process?
Enterohepatic recirculation
For most drugs, Serum levels indicate that onset, peak, and duration of drug activation. After a single dose of a drug is given, onset of action occurs when the drug level reaches what?
MEC
In clinical practice, measurement of serum drug levels is useful in what circumstances?
- When drugs with a narrow margin of safety are given, because they’re there. Doses are close to their toxic doses
- To document the serum drug levels associated with particular drug dosages, therapeutic effects, or possible adverse effects.
- Go to monitor unexpected responses to a drug dose, such as decreased therapeutic effects or increased adverse effects.
- When a drug overdose is suspected
Which skin condition would be most likely to cause increased systemic absorption of a topical medication?
Severe sunburn
When a drug Is given at a stable dose, how many half-life. I required to achieve steady-state concentrations and develop equilibrium between tissue and serum concentrations?
4 to 5
pharmacodynamics involves drug actions on target cells and results in what?
Alterations and cellular biochemical reactions and functions.
Relatively few drugs act by mechanisms other than combination withreceptor sites on cells. Drugs that do not act on receptor sites include? Name three
Antacids, osmotic diuretics, Purines
If a doctor prescribes medication and then modifies it on multiple occasions to achieve the maximum therapeutic effects of the drugs, what is the rationale for the drug changes?
Dosage determines whether the drug actions may be therapeutic or toxic
If a person is ordered to take medication three times today and on an empty stomach, , does it matter if they take one of those with a meal or not
Yes it matters, food may slow down the absorption of the drug
If a person is diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease and the doctor orders selegiline, what food is the patient advised not to eat
Cheese
If a person is diagnosed with atrial fibrillation and prescribed Coumadin, the nurse would instruct them to avoid what food?
Vitamin K
If a person is diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia and prescribed a Statin by their doctor, is part of the educational plan what food should they avoid?
Grapefruit
Changes in aging in the geriatric patient that may affect excretion and promote accumulation of drugs in the body include what?
Decreased globular filtration rate
Why would a doctor order a ace inhibitor for an African American instead of a diuretic As part of the treatment for hypertension
Diuretics are shown to be more ineffective then Ace inhibitors for a African American males with hypertension
If a person has a 12 year history of EtOH abuse and is injured in a accident and requires surgery with general anesthesia. What type of dosage would be expected for this patient
A larger than normal dose of the general anesthesic
