Pharmacology- Basic Concepts

Question 1

Drug

Answer 1

chemical(s) that act on living systems at the molecular level

Question 2

Pharmacology vs.
Pharmacodynamics vs
Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

the study of drugs and their effects on living organisms (pharmacology)
what a drug does to the body (pharmacodynamics)
what the body does to the drug; how drug moves in body (pharmacokinetics)

Question 3

Toxicology

Answer 3

study of harmful or toxic effects of drugs

Question 4

Generic Name

Answer 4

this is the active ingredient for the drug; it is the drug’s chemical makeup

Note: the first letter is not capitalized

Question 5

Trade Name (and 2 other names for it)

Answer 5

brand, proprietary
the manufacturer’s name

Note: first letter is capitalized

Question 6

Indications

Answer 6

approved use(s) of the drug

Question 7

Warnings & Precautions

Answer 7

usually mild side effects or adverse effects (any effect other than the intended effect) that may occur with normal usage

Question 8

Contraindications

Answer 8

medical conditions, physical conditions, or symptoms that make the drug inadvisable

Question 9

Syngergism

Answer 9

enhanced desired effects when taking two drugs in combination vs each drug individually

Question 10

If two drugs are synergistic, do you need to increase or decrease their doses?

Answer 10

decrease

they’re more powerful when given together, so you don’t need to give as much

Question 11

Drug Tolerance

Answer 11

decreased effect of a drug over time

Question 12

Extra Label Use

Answer 12

using a drug in any way other than the approved way

Question 13

Classified Drugs

Answer 13

classification of abuse potential determined by US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

Question 14

What classified drug class is most at risk for abuse?

Answer 14

CI

Question 15

Withdrawal Time

Answer 15

amount of time required before a food animal can be slaughtered to remove potential transfer to humans during consumption

Question 16

Overdose

Answer 16

toxic effects that occur when too much drug is given or when drug accumulates in body

Question 17

Compounding

Answer 17

manipulation of a drug that is not provided for in the FDA approved drug lable

Question 18

What can happen to a drug that has been compounded?

Answer 18

slight changes may impact the drug’s action/performance

Question 19

Enteral vs Parenteral

Answer 19

Enteral- uses the GI tract

Parenteral- goes directly to the source; bypasses GI tract

Question 20

What are the pros/cons of enteral drug administration?

Answer 20

Pro- safest

Cons- slowest, most variable route

Question 21

What are the 4 enteral ways to give medication?

Answer 21

PO
Sublingual
Submucosal
Rectal

Question 22

Of the 4 ways to enterally give a drug, which avoid the first pass effect and which do not?

Answer 22

Avoid- sublingual, submucosal, rectal

Does NOT Avoid- PO

Question 23

What is the first pass affect?

Answer 23

The orally administered drug travels to the liver before reaching systemic circulation and ends up getting removed before the drug is able to affect the rest of the body

Question 24

How are submucosal meds absorbed?

Answer 24

via capillaries of mucous membranes (like bupe oral)

Question 25

How are sublingual meds absorbed?

Answer 25

capillaries under tongue

Question 26

What are the 8 ways to administer a drug parenterally?

Answer 26

``` IV IM SQ ID (intradermal) IO (intraosseous) IP (intraperitoneal) Topical Inhalant ```

Question 27

What is an IO injection?

Answer 27

injection into bone marrow of long bone

Question 28

Therapeutic Action

Answer 28

the desired response of a drug

Question 29

Therapeutic Range

Answer 29

range between dose causing minimum effect and adverse effects

Question 30

Therapeutic Index (TI)

Answer 30

the relationship between a drug's ability to achieve the desired effect compared with its tendency to produce toxic effects

Question 31

What does the TI ultimately tell you about a drug?

Answer 31

how safe it is to use

Question 32

What is the mathematical equation to get the TI?

Answer 32

lethal Dose 50 / Effective Dose 50

Question 33

What is effective dose 50?

Answer 33

the dose that produces the desired response in 50% of patients

Question 34

What is lethal dose 50?

Answer 34

the dose that is lethal in 50% of patients

Question 35

The _____ the TI, the safer the drug

Answer 35

larger (because that means there is a bigger gap between a dose that is too small to work and a dose that is high enough it may have lethal effects)

Question 36

Drug Potency

Answer 36

amount of drug needed to achieve the desired affect

Question 37

Drug Efficacy

Answer 37

maximal response obtained by a drug; giving more drug will not increase this number

Question 38

What does ADME stand for?

Answer 38

Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination

Question 39

Absorption

Answer 39

entry of the therapeutic agent into the bloodstream

Question 40

Distribution

Answer 40

drug is sent out into the intended tissues

Question 41

The rate and efficiency of absorption and distribution depend on the following (7)

Answer 41

``` Route of administration pKa (how well the drug ionizes) drug solubility pH of tissues perfusion of tissues volume of distribution other factors (ie. blood-brain barrier) ```

Question 42

Metabolism

Answer 42

chemical alteration or modification of a drug molecule

Question 43

Where does metabolism primarily happen? Secondarily?

Answer 43

Primarily- liver | Secondarily- kidneys, blood, lungs

Question 44

Elimination

Answer 44

drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body via urine, feces, sweat, milk, tears, saliva, respiration

Question 45

What is the primary route of excretion?

Answer 45

Glomeruli of the kidneys filter first and excrete waste into the urine

Question 46

What is the other route of excretion aside from kidneys?

Answer 46

Liver if the drug is excreted via biliary excretion

Question 47

Adverse RXN vs. Side Effect

Answer 47

Adverse reactions area broader category accepting any adverse effect occurring with drug concentrations within or outside of the normal therapeutic range. Side effects are only referring to those effects that occur within the therapeutic dosing range.

Question 48

What are 3 things a drug can do once it reaches the target tissue?

Answer 48

1. Bind to a receptor site and cause cells to react (agonistic) or prevent a reaction (antagonistic) 2. Interact with ions in the body to create a chemical reaction 3. By physical presence alone, the drug may facilitate a reaction

Question 49

5 Rules for ELDU

Answer 49

1. Licensed vet must order the drug 2. VCPR must exist 3. Health of animal will be threatened if drug were not able to be used 4. No current FDA approved drug for this condition exists, or an existing FDA approved drug/dosage form would be clinically ineffective 5. Extended withdrawal times

Question 50

The 5 "Rights" of Drug Administration

Answer 50

``` drug time route amount patient ```