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VTNE Review > Pharmacology- Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Pharmacology- Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Drug

A

chemical(s) that act on living systems at the molecular level

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2
Q

Pharmacology vs.
Pharmacodynamics vs
Pharmacokinetics

A

the study of drugs and their effects on living organisms (pharmacology)
what a drug does to the body (pharmacodynamics)
what the body does to the drug; how drug moves in body (pharmacokinetics)

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3
Q

Toxicology

A

study of harmful or toxic effects of drugs

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4
Q

Generic Name

A

this is the active ingredient for the drug; it is the drug’s chemical makeup

Note: the first letter is not capitalized

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5
Q

Trade Name (and 2 other names for it)

A

brand, proprietary
the manufacturer’s name

Note: first letter is capitalized

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6
Q

Indications

A

approved use(s) of the drug

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7
Q

Warnings & Precautions

A

usually mild side effects or adverse effects (any effect other than the intended effect) that may occur with normal usage

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8
Q

Contraindications

A

medical conditions, physical conditions, or symptoms that make the drug inadvisable

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9
Q

Syngergism

A

enhanced desired effects when taking two drugs in combination vs each drug individually

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10
Q

If two drugs are synergistic, do you need to increase or decrease their doses?

A

decrease

they’re more powerful when given together, so you don’t need to give as much

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11
Q

Drug Tolerance

A

decreased effect of a drug over time

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12
Q

Extra Label Use

A

using a drug in any way other than the approved way

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13
Q

Classified Drugs

A

classification of abuse potential determined by US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

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14
Q

What classified drug class is most at risk for abuse?

A

CI

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15
Q

Withdrawal Time

A

amount of time required before a food animal can be slaughtered to remove potential transfer to humans during consumption

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16
Q

Overdose

A

toxic effects that occur when too much drug is given or when drug accumulates in body

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17
Q

Compounding

A

manipulation of a drug that is not provided for in the FDA approved drug lable

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18
Q

What can happen to a drug that has been compounded?

A

slight changes may impact the drug’s action/performance

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19
Q

Enteral vs Parenteral

A

Enteral- uses the GI tract

Parenteral- goes directly to the source; bypasses GI tract

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20
Q

What are the pros/cons of enteral drug administration?

A

Pro- safest

Cons- slowest, most variable route

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21
Q

What are the 4 enteral ways to give medication?

A

PO
Sublingual
Submucosal
Rectal

22
Q

Of the 4 ways to enterally give a drug, which avoid the first pass effect and which do not?

A

Avoid- sublingual, submucosal, rectal

Does NOT Avoid- PO

23
Q

What is the first pass affect?

A

The orally administered drug travels to the liver before reaching systemic circulation and ends up getting removed before the drug is able to affect the rest of the body

24
Q

How are submucosal meds absorbed?

A

via capillaries of mucous membranes (like bupe oral)

25
Q

How are sublingual meds absorbed?

A

capillaries under tongue

26
Q

What are the 8 ways to administer a drug parenterally?

A 
IV
IM
SQ
ID (intradermal)
IO (intraosseous)
IP (intraperitoneal)
Topical
Inhalant
27
Q

What is an IO injection?

A

injection into bone marrow of long bone

28
Q

Therapeutic Action

A

the desired response of a drug

29
Q

Therapeutic Range

A

range between dose causing minimum effect and adverse effects

30
Q

Therapeutic Index (TI)

A

the relationship between a drug’s ability to achieve the desired effect compared with its tendency to produce toxic effects

31
Q

What does the TI ultimately tell you about a drug?

A

how safe it is to use

32
Q

What is the mathematical equation to get the TI?

A

lethal Dose 50 / Effective Dose 50

33
Q

What is effective dose 50?

A

the dose that produces the desired response in 50% of patients

34
Q

What is lethal dose 50?

A

the dose that is lethal in 50% of patients

35
Q

The _____ the TI, the safer the drug

A

larger

(because that means there is a bigger gap between a dose that is too small to work and a dose that is high enough it may have lethal effects)

36
Q

Drug Potency

A

amount of drug needed to achieve the desired affect

37
Q

Drug Efficacy

A

maximal response obtained by a drug; giving more drug will not increase this number

38
Q

What does ADME stand for?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

39
Q

Absorption

A

entry of the therapeutic agent into the bloodstream

40
Q

Distribution

A

drug is sent out into the intended tissues

41
Q

The rate and efficiency of absorption and distribution depend on the following (7)

A 
Route of administration
pKa (how well the drug ionizes)
drug solubility
pH of tissues
perfusion of tissues
volume of distribution
other factors (ie. blood-brain barrier)
42
Q

Metabolism

A

chemical alteration or modification of a drug molecule

43
Q

Where does metabolism primarily happen? Secondarily?

A

Primarily- liver

Secondarily- kidneys, blood, lungs

44
Q

Elimination

A

drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body via urine, feces, sweat, milk, tears, saliva, respiration

45
Q

What is the primary route of excretion?

A

Glomeruli of the kidneys filter first and excrete waste into the urine

46
Q

What is the other route of excretion aside from kidneys?

A

Liver if the drug is excreted via biliary excretion

47
Q

Adverse RXN vs. Side Effect

A

Adverse reactions area broader category accepting any adverse effect occurring with drug concentrations within or outside of the normal therapeutic range. Side effects are only referring to those effects that occur within the therapeutic dosing range.

48
Q

What are 3 things a drug can do once it reaches the target tissue?

A
  1. Bind to a receptor site and cause cells to react (agonistic) or prevent a reaction (antagonistic)
  2. Interact with ions in the body to create a chemical reaction
  3. By physical presence alone, the drug may facilitate a reaction
49
Q

5 Rules for ELDU

A
  1. Licensed vet must order the drug
  2. VCPR must exist
  3. Health of animal will be threatened if drug were not able to be used
  4. No current FDA approved drug for this condition exists, or an existing FDA approved drug/dosage form would be clinically ineffective
  5. Extended withdrawal times
50
Q

The 5 “Rights” of Drug Administration

A 
drug
time
route
amount
patient

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