Pharmacology Baby

Question 1

define synthetic

Answer 1

using artificially produced compounds to create new drugs

Question 2

what are the used of common allopathic therapies?

Answer 2

Ephedrine: nasal decongestant

Anti-cholinergic alkaloids: bronchodilatation

Cromolyn: mast cell stabilizer

Theophylline: bronchodilatation

Question 3

define bioengineered

Answer 3

using cell cultures or living tissue cultures to produce

Question 4

differentiate between chemical, generic, and trade name

which do we use?

Answer 4

chemical: describes the drugs chemical composition and molecular

generic (nonproprietary): name given by health Canada under the food and drugs act and food and drug regulations

trade (proprietary): the drug has a registered trademark; use of the name restricted by the drug’s patent owner (usually the manufacturer)

experimental: may have an experimental code name during trials

Question 5

what’s the blue puffer?

Answer 5

chemical name: 2-t-butylamino-1-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl) ethanol sulphate

generic name: salbutamol sulfate

trade name: Ventolin (cad) or Albuterol (usa)

Question 6

what MUST be in a drug order for an RRT

Answer 6

1. patient ID info
2. drug name & solvent
3. strength and dose
4. route of administration
5. frequency
6. limiting factors for use
7. signature of person placing with date & time

Question 7

list the five rights & two extra

Answer 7

1. patient
2. drug
3. dosage
4. time
5. route
6. technique
7. approach

Question 8

define site of action

Answer 8

location in the body where drug exerts its therapeutic effect

Question 9

define mechanism of action (MOA)

Answer 9

how drug produces its effect

Question 10

define receptor site

Answer 10

specific location on cells that drug attaches to which begins series of cell changes

Question 11

drug absorption affected by (3)

Answer 11

1. drug dosage
2. form availability
3. route of administration

Question 12

route of administration depends on (5)

Answer 12

1. desired effect
2. desired action
3. physiochemical factors
4. amount of drug required
5. patient factors

Question 13

differentiate between MDI, pMDI, and DPI

Answer 13

MDI: meter dose inhaler with/without spacer

pMDI: pressurized MDI

DPI: dry powdered inhaler

Question 14

define/differentiate between: pharmaceutical phase, pharmacokinetic phase, pharmacodynamic phase

Answer 14

1. pharmaceutical phase: drug entry into body through various routes by variety of drug formulations .. break down & dissolution
2. pharmacokinetic phase: drug distribution, storage, metabolism, and excretion .. what body does to drug

pharmacodynamic phase: drug interaction at pharmacologic sites of action .. what drug does to body

Question 15

define purity

Answer 15

type/amount extraneous material added to active drug

Question 16

define bioavailability

Answer 16

amount of active drug available to target

Question 17

define potency

Answer 17

strength/power of drug needed to achieve desired effect

Question 18

define efficacy

Answer 18

effectiveness of drug in treatment

Question 19

define safety/toxicity

Answer 19

number and severity of adverse effects reported - monitors and updated regularly

Question 20

pharmacokinetic principles help determine (3)

Answer 20

1. dosage
2. duration
3. frequency

Question 21

pharmacokinetic phase includes (4)

Answer 21

A - 1. absorption
D - 2. distribution
M - 3. biotransformation (metabolism)
E - 4. elimination

Question 22

volumes of distribution

Answer 22

blood = 5L
interstitial fluid = 10L
intracellular fluid = 20L
fat = 14-25L

Question 23

dose regimens are determined by (8)

Answer 23

1. age
2. weight
3. absorption (ROA)
4. distribution
5. metabolism
6. elimination
7. disease states/other drugs on board
8. patient capabilities / understanding / compliance
9. degree of desired effect

Question 24

define selectivity

Answer 24

the extent to which a drug acts at one specific receptor site.

once drug bound to receptor, either ..
1. ion channel is opened/closed
2. biochemical messengers are activated
3. normal cell function is turned on/off

Question 25

define down regulation

Answer 25

decreased number of receptors d/t prolonged drug exposure or pathology causing desensitization (decreased drug response)

Question 26

define up regulation

Answer 26

increased number of receptors d/t prolonged drug exposure or pathology resulting in an increased drug response

Question 27

define affinity

Answer 27

strength of binding to receptor

Question 28

define dose-response relationship

Answer 28

the proportional change in drug response in relation to a chang min dosage (usually linear until plateau)

Question 29

define drug efficacy

Answer 29

maximal effect / greatest response produced by a drug (increase dose doesn't increase response)

Question 30

define tachyphylaxis

Answer 30

rapid development of tolerance

Question 31

define additivity (summation)

Answer 31

two drugs act on same receptors resulting in a combined effect equal to the sum of both drugs added together

Question 32

define synergism

Answer 32

two drugs that act by different mechanisms on the same organ produce an effect greater than the sum of both drugs added together

Question 33

define potentiation

Answer 33

where one drug has no effect on its own, but will enhance the effect of the other drug

Question 34

define antagonism

Answer 34

where one drug can block the effect of another 3 types: - chemical antagonism: interaction b/w body substances and drug where the drug becomes inactive - functional: where two drugs with different effect cancel each other out - competitive: when a drug has an affinity for a receptor, but no efficacy (action of its own) it will block drug from binding to receptors and taking action

Question 35

differentiate between full and partial agonists

Answer 35

full agonist: drug that interacts with receptors to trigger a pharmacologic response; has both affinity and efficacy partial agonist: has affinity, but doesn't have same magnitude of efficacy (response)

Question 36

define toxicity

Answer 36

production of severe adverse effects

Question 37

define lethal dose (LD50)

Answer 37

dose that will produce Lethal effects on half of the test population

Question 38

define effective dose (ED50)

Answer 38

dose that will produce therapeutic effects on half of the test population

Question 39

define therapeutic index (TI)

Answer 39

gives you a measurement of drug safety measured by a ratio TI = LD50 / ED50

Question 40

define side effect

Answer 40

unwanted effect of drug SE

Question 41

define adverse reaction

Answer 41

unintended side effect ADR

Question 42

define toxic reaction

Answer 42

overdose reaction ADR

Question 43

define metareaction

Answer 43

unexpected exacerbated reaction in 1st time use (maybe allergic aka idiosyncratic)

Question 44

define teratogenicity

Answer 44

hypersensitivity

Question 45

define dependency reaction

Answer 45

mind altering drugs; physiological or psychological dependance causing withdrawal effect if not received

Question 46

define tachyphylaxis

Answer 46

rapid tolerance to a drug

Question 47

define cross tolerance

Answer 47

tolerance to one drug d/t administration of another

Question 48

define carcinogens

Answer 48

cancer causing

Question 49

define nephrotoxic

Answer 49

toxic effect on kidney