Pharmacology Baby Flashcards
define synthetic
using artificially produced compounds to create new drugs
what are the used of common allopathic therapies?
Ephedrine: nasal decongestant
Anti-cholinergic alkaloids: bronchodilatation
Cromolyn: mast cell stabilizer
Theophylline: bronchodilatation
define bioengineered
using cell cultures or living tissue cultures to produce
differentiate between chemical, generic, and trade name
which do we use?
chemical: describes the drugs chemical composition and molecular
generic (nonproprietary): name given by health Canada under the food and drugs act and food and drug regulations
trade (proprietary): the drug has a registered trademark; use of the name restricted by the drug’s patent owner (usually the manufacturer)
experimental: may have an experimental code name during trials
what’s the blue puffer?
chemical name: 2-t-butylamino-1-(4-hydroxymethylphenyl) ethanol sulphate
generic name: salbutamol sulfate
trade name: Ventolin (cad) or Albuterol (usa)
what MUST be in a drug order for an RRT
- patient ID info
- drug name & solvent
- strength and dose
- route of administration
- frequency
- limiting factors for use
- signature of person placing with date & time
list the five rights & two extra
- patient
- drug
- dosage
- time
- route
- technique
- approach
define site of action
location in the body where drug exerts its therapeutic effect
define mechanism of action (MOA)
how drug produces its effect
define receptor site
specific location on cells that drug attaches to which begins series of cell changes
drug absorption affected by (3)
- drug dosage
- form availability
- route of administration
route of administration depends on (5)
- desired effect
- desired action
- physiochemical factors
- amount of drug required
- patient factors
differentiate between MDI, pMDI, and DPI
MDI: meter dose inhaler with/without spacer
pMDI: pressurized MDI
DPI: dry powdered inhaler
define/differentiate between: pharmaceutical phase, pharmacokinetic phase, pharmacodynamic phase
- pharmaceutical phase: drug entry into body through various routes by variety of drug formulations .. break down & dissolution
- pharmacokinetic phase: drug distribution, storage, metabolism, and excretion .. what body does to drug
pharmacodynamic phase: drug interaction at pharmacologic sites of action .. what drug does to body
define purity
type/amount extraneous material added to active drug
define bioavailability
amount of active drug available to target
define potency
strength/power of drug needed to achieve desired effect
define efficacy
effectiveness of drug in treatment
define safety/toxicity
number and severity of adverse effects reported - monitors and updated regularly
pharmacokinetic principles help determine (3)
- dosage
- duration
- frequency
pharmacokinetic phase includes (4)
A - 1. absorption
D - 2. distribution
M - 3. biotransformation (metabolism)
E - 4. elimination
volumes of distribution
blood = 5L
interstitial fluid = 10L
intracellular fluid = 20L
fat = 14-25L
dose regimens are determined by (8)
- age
- weight
- absorption (ROA)
- distribution
- metabolism
- elimination
- disease states/other drugs on board
- patient capabilities / understanding / compliance
- degree of desired effect
define selectivity
the extent to which a drug acts at one specific receptor site.
once drug bound to receptor, either ..
1. ion channel is opened/closed
2. biochemical messengers are activated
3. normal cell function is turned on/off
define down regulation
decreased number of receptors d/t prolonged drug exposure or pathology causing desensitization (decreased drug response)
define up regulation
increased number of receptors d/t prolonged drug exposure or pathology resulting in an increased drug response
define affinity
strength of binding to receptor
define dose-response relationship
the proportional change in drug response in relation to a chang min dosage (usually linear until plateau)
define drug efficacy
maximal effect / greatest response produced by a drug (increase dose doesn’t increase response)
define tachyphylaxis
rapid development of tolerance
define additivity (summation)
two drugs act on same receptors resulting in a combined effect equal to the sum of both drugs added together
define synergism
two drugs that act by different mechanisms on the same organ produce an effect greater than the sum of both drugs added together
define potentiation
where one drug has no effect on its own, but will enhance the effect of the other drug
define antagonism
where one drug can block the effect of another
3 types:
- chemical antagonism: interaction b/w body substances and drug where the drug becomes inactive
- functional: where two drugs with different effect cancel each other out
- competitive: when a drug has an affinity for a receptor, but no efficacy (action of its own) it will block drug from binding to receptors and taking action
differentiate between full and partial agonists
full agonist: drug that interacts with receptors to trigger a pharmacologic response; has both affinity and efficacy
partial agonist: has affinity, but doesn’t have same magnitude of efficacy (response)
define toxicity
production of severe adverse effects
define lethal dose (LD50)
dose that will produce Lethal effects on half of the test population
define effective dose (ED50)
dose that will produce therapeutic effects on half of the test population
define therapeutic index (TI)
gives you a measurement of drug safety measured by a ratio
TI = LD50 / ED50
define side effect
unwanted effect of drug
SE
define adverse reaction
unintended side effect
ADR
define toxic reaction
overdose reaction
ADR
define metareaction
unexpected exacerbated reaction in 1st time use (maybe allergic aka idiosyncratic)
define teratogenicity
hypersensitivity
define dependency reaction
mind altering drugs; physiological or psychological dependance causing withdrawal effect if not received
define tachyphylaxis
rapid tolerance to a drug
define cross tolerance
tolerance to one drug d/t administration of another
define carcinogens
cancer causing
define nephrotoxic
toxic effect on kidney
