Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 2 Revision > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of ACE inhibitors?

A

Reduce the blood volume and cause vasodilation, therefore decreasing peripheral vascular resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Examples of ACEi

A 
Ramipril
Perindopril
Enalapril
Lisinopril
Catopril
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When are ACEi indicated?

A

(1st line) Hypertension
(1st line) Heart failure
Early renal failure with proteinuria
Secondary prevention after MI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the mechanism of ACEi?

A

Competitively inhibit ACE and reduce the generation of ATII, and consequently aldosterone. This reduces Na and H2O retention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the additional effects ACEi?

A

Reduced ATII in tissue also leads to arterial and venous dilation. No reflex tachycardia, inhibits bradykinin breakdown (a vasodilator so further increases vasodilation) and ATII is associated with arterial and ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension, which is now prevented.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pharmacokinetics of ACEi?

A

Usually a prodrug, active forms are water soluble so poor absorption in the gut. Converted to active form in the liver and most forms are excreted unchanged by the kidneys with generally short half lives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ACEi side effects?

A 
Persistent dry cough
Postural HTN
Renal impairment
Disturbances to taste, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia and bowels
Angioedema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ACEi cautions

A

Careful in conjunction with drugs that raise potassium, at risk of hyperkalaemia
Never prescribe with NSAIDS and thiazides diuretics altogether

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two main types of analgesics?

A

NSAIDs and opioids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are less frequent forms of analgesics?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline)
Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine)
Diazepam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of NSAIDs

A 
Paracetamol
Ibruprofen
Diclofenac
Naproxen
Celecoxib
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Examples of opioids

A 
Codeine
Morphine
Fentanyl
Diamorphine
Tramadol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are NSAIDs indicated for?

A

Mild to moderate pain, particularly MSK
Fevers
Arthritis
Ankylosis spondylitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are opioids indicated for?

A

Moderate to severe pain such as childbirth, peri operative pain and cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do NSAIDs work?

A

Prostaglandins are cell signalling molecules involved in the inflammatory and pain responses, synthesised by arachidonic acid from COX enzymes. NSAIDs inhibit COX enzymes to reduces inflammatory and pain responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do opioids work?

A

Opioids act of 3 receptors of the CNS - μ, κ & δ. There are 2 subtypes of μ receptor. Type 1 reduces sensation of pain by inhibiting the transmission of pain signals ascending the spinal cord. Type 2 produces the unpleasant side effects of opioids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the side effects of NSAIDs?

A

Gastric ulcers
Reduced renal perfusion (if have prior liver, kidney or cardio problems)
Hypersensitivity
Increased bruising and bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the side effects of opioids?

A 
Constipation
Drowsiness
Nausea
Vomiting
Respiratory arrest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cautions for NSAIDs?

A

Can cause bronchospasm in asthmatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cautions of opioids?

A

Elderly
Asthmatics
Mental illness
CVD

Can be addictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of drug is amiodarone?

A

Anti-arrhythmic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is amiodarone indicated for?

A 
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
Nodal and ventricular tachycardia
AF + flutter
Ventricular fibrillation
Tachyarrhythmias associated with WPW syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the mechanism for amiodarone?

A

Amiodarone blocks K+ channels prolonging the refractory period, blocks Na+ with a high affinity for inactivated channels, non-competitively blocks α and β receptors resulting in anti-adrenergic effects, weakly blocks Ca2+, slows down sinus rate and AV conduction, slightly prolongs QT intervals and can cause peripheral vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Is the half life of amiodarone long or short?

A

Very long - gives rise to potentially serious drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Side effects of amiodarone

A 
Corneal micro deposits
Thyroid function
Hepatotoxicity
Pulmonary toxicity
Peripheral neuropathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cautions of amiodarone?

A

In pregnancy can possibly cause neonatal goitre
Avoid in breastfeeding
CI in cardiac issues and iodine sensitivities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Examples of ARBs

A

Candesartan
Irbesartan
Valsartan
(-sartan suffix)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are ARBs indicated for?

A

Second line treatment for:
Hypertension, heart failure and post-MI

Diabetic nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Mechanism of ARBs?

A

Selectively inhibits ATII at AT1 receptors.

ATII binding causes vasoconstriction, aldosterone release, sympathetic activation, potentially harmful CV effects. Antagonists cause vasodilation and blocking of aldosterone release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cautions of ARBs?

A 
May not be as beneficial in Afro-Caribbean
Aortic/mitral stenosis
Elderly
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
History of angioedema
1ο aldosteronism
Renal artery stenosis

CI with aliskirin
Potentially serious interactions with many drugs
Avoid in pregnancy and breast feeding, caution in renally impaired.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do hanging histamines work?

A

They are an antagonist to the histamine H1 receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When are anti-histamines effective?

A

Against mast cell activated inflammatory reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What type of antibiotic Trimethoprim?

A

Folic acid inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is Trimethoprim indicated for?

A

Pneumonia (often in conjunction with sulphonamide - coxtrimoxazole)
RTI
UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the side effects of Trimethoprim?

A

N+V, rashes, meh oblast is anaemia (folate deficiency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Is Trimethoprim broad spectrum? What is it effective against?

A

Yes it is a broad spectrum antibiotic

It is effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of antibiotic is Penicillin?

A

β-lactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Give examples of penicillin antibiotics

A

Penicillin, amoxicillin, flucoxicillin, benzylpenicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the side effects of penicillin?

A

Not many, hypersensitivity and n+v

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Is Penicillin broad spectrum? What is it effective against?

A

Very much broad spectrum

Effective against gram positive and negative bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which antibiotics are modified β-lactams?

A

Cephalosporins, Monobactum, Carbapenams

43
Q

Give examples of Cephalosporins

A

Cefuroxime, Cephalexin, Cefotaxime

44
Q

Give examples of Monobactums

A

Atrezonam

45
Q

Give examples of Carbapenems

A

Imipenem

46
Q

What are cephalosporins indicated for?

A

Infections

47
Q

Are cephalosporins broad spectrum? What are they effective against?

A

Yes they are broad spectrum anti-biotics

They are effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria

48
Q

What are the side effects of Cephalosporins?

A

Hypersensitivity, nephrotoxicity, diarrhoea, skin rashes, headaches

49
Q

What are monobactums indicated for?

A

Gram negative bacteria in penicillin allergies. Must be administered IV or IM

50
Q

Are Monobactum broad spectrum? What are they effective against?

A

No they’re not broad spectrum. They are only effective against gram negative bacteria

51
Q

What are Carbapenems indicated for?

A

Infections - they’re very wide spectrum

52
Q

What are the side effects of Carbapenems?

A

Hypersensitivity, n+v, nephrotoxicity in high concs

53
Q

Are Carbapenems broad spectrum? What are they effective against?

A

Very broad spectrum. Effective against gram positive and negative bacteria as well as anaerobic bacteria.

54
Q

What type of antibiotic are Tetracyclines?

A

t-RNA inhibitor

55
Q

Give examples of tetracycline antibiotics

A

Tetracycline, doxycycline

56
Q

What are tetracyclines indicated for?

A

An alternative to β-lactams in renal impairment

Malaria prophylaxis

57
Q

What are the side effects of tetracyclines?

A

Photosensitivity, upset GI if not taken with sufficient water

58
Q

Are tetracyclines broad spectrum? What are they effective against?

A

Yes they are broad spectrum. They are effective against gram negative and positive bacteria

59
Q

Which type of antibiotics are cell wall synthesis inhibitors?

A

Aminoglycosides, Glycopeptides

60
Q

Give examples of aminoglycosides

A

Gentamycin, streptomycin, ancomycin

61
Q

Give examples of glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin, teicoplanin

62
Q

What are aminoglycosides indicated for?

A

Serious gram positive infections (used with penicillin / vancomycin to overcome resistance)

63
Q

What are glycopeptides indicated for?

A

Serious staph infections and infective endocarditis. Sometimes C. difficile.

64
Q

What are the side effects of aminoglycosides?

A

Sensory-neuro deafness, balance

65
Q

What are the side effects of glycopeptides?

A

Nephrotoxicity, rashes, blood disorders, nausea

66
Q

Are aminoglycosides broad spectrum? What are they effective against?

A

Yes they are broad spectrum

They are effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria

67
Q

Are glycopeptides broad spectrum? What are they effective against?

A

No, only effective against gram positive bacteria

68
Q

What type of antibiotic are Macrolides?

A

They are an inhibitor of protein translocation

69
Q

Give examples of macrolides

A

Erythromycin and clarithromycin

70
Q

What are macrolides indicated for?

A

Generally gram positive bacteria

No gram negative bacteria except H influenzae and legionella

71
Q

What are the side effects of Macrolides?

A

GI disturbance, skin rashes, hypersensitivity

72
Q

What is penicillin indicated for?

A

Infections - usually those not yet identified. Should be IV but can be oral

73
Q

Are Macrolides broad spectrum? What are they effective against?

A

Yes they are broad spectrum against gram positive bacteria. Only effective against those two gram negative bacteria

74
Q

What type of antibiotic is fusidic acid?

A

Protein synthesis inhibitor

75
Q

What are the side effects of fusidic acid?

A

GI disturbance, skin eruptions, jaundice

76
Q

Is fusidic acid broad spectrum? What are they effective against?

A

No they are not broad spectrum

They are effective against gram positive bacteria

77
Q

What type of antibiotic are quinolones?

A

DNA transcription inhibitor

78
Q

Give examples of quinolones

A

Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Ofloxacin

79
Q

What are quinolones indicated for?

A

Penicillin resistant gram positive bacteria, gram negative cocci

80
Q

What are the side effects of quinolones?

A

GI disorders, skin rashes, dizziness, headaches

81
Q

Are quinolones broad spectrum? What are they effective against?

A

Yes they are broad spectrum

They are effective against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

82
Q

What type of antibiotic are metronidazole?

A

DNA synthesis inhibitors that break down DNA

83
Q

Give examples of metronidazole

A

Metronidazole and tindazole

84
Q

What is metronidazole indicated for?

A

C. difficile, dividing and non-dividing cells

85
Q

What are the side effects of metronidazole?

A

n+v, metallic taste, alcohol intolerance, rashes

86
Q

Is metronidazole broad spectrum? What are they effective against?

A

They are effective against gram positive bacteria and anaerobic bacteria. They are not effective against aerobic bacteria or gram negative bacteria.

87
Q

What type of antibiotic is nitrofurantoin?

A

It disrupts DNA

88
Q

What is nitrofurantoin indicated for?

A

Most gram positive cocci
E.coli (gram negative)
LUTIs

89
Q

What are the side effects of nitrofurantoin?

A

Peripheral neuropathy, GI upset, lung fibrosis

90
Q

Is nitrofurantoin broad spectrum? What is it effective against?

A

No, it is effective against mainly gram positive bacteria.

91
Q

Which antibiotics are protein synthesis inhibitors?

A

Tetra-cyclines
Chloramphenicol
Lyncosamides

92
Q

Give examples of tetra-cyclines

A

Doxycycline
Minocycline
Oxytetracycline

93
Q

Give examples of lyncosamides

A

Clint Amy in

94
Q

What are tetra-cyclines indicated for?

A

Very broad spectrum

Acne, chlamydia, cholera, mycoplasma

95
Q

What is chloramphenicol indicated for?

A

Very toxic so only in life threatening conditions or topically for conjunctivitis

96
Q

What are lyncosamides indicated for?

A

Prophylaxis for IE in penicillin allergy

Strep or bone infection

97
Q

What are the side effects for tetra-cyclines?

A

n+v, diarrhoea, teeth discolouration in children, intracranial hypertension

98
Q

What are the side effects of chloramphenicol?

A

Bone marrow toxicity, neuritis, headache, rashes

99
Q

What are the side effects of lyncosamides?

A

n+v, jaundice, rash, neutropaenia, thrombocytopenia

100
Q

Are tetra-cyclines broad spectrum? What are they effective against?

A

Yes very broad spectrum. Effective against gram positive and negative bacteria

101
Q

Is chloramphenicol broad spectrum? What is it effective against?

A

Yes it is broad spectrum, effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria but highly toxic so rarely used

102
Q

Are lyncosamides broad spectrum? What are they effective against?

A

Unsure but they are used in both gram negative and positive bacteria

103
Q

What is fusidic acid indicated for?

A

Staph infections,

lesions and conjunctivitis (topically)

Phase 2 Revision (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions