Pharmacology

Question 1

Beta-blocker

Answer 1

Monitor heart rate!
HTN, HF, angina
Can mask signs of hypoglycemia!
In hypoglycemia, epinephrine is released. This leads to the signs/sx you see in hypoglycemia. Beta blockers block beta receptors, preventing release of epinephrine.
CI in HF. Avoid in asthma (bronchoconstriction).

Question 2

ACE inhibitors

Answer 2

-pril
Prevent angiotensin 1 —> angiotensin 2 in lungs
Can cause cough: Increased bradykinin causes irritation
Hyperkalemia, angioedema, 1st dose effect
Don’t use in pregnancy

Question 3

ARB angiotensin 2 receptor blocker

Answer 3

-sartan
Angioedema
Don’t use in pregnancy or renal artery stenosis

Question 4

CCBs

Answer 4

-dipines (dihydropyridines) - vasoselective
HTN
Watch for peripheral edema!
Non-DHP: verapamil, diltiazem - cardioselective
Calm down excitability
Afib - rate control
Watch for constipation, gingival hyperplasia

Question 5

Loop diuretics

Answer 5

-semide
HTN
CI in sulfa allergy except for ethacrynic acid
Loops lose everything: hypokalemia, hypocalcemia
Monitor for ototoxicity, tinnitus if IV

Question 6

Thiazide diuretics

Answer 6

Don’t lose calcium

Question 7

Tetracyclines

Answer 7

Bones, calcium, cations
   Don’t take in combination with milk, iron, antacids (mg, Ca).       Tetracyclines bind to these cations and prevent them from getting absorbed. 
Not used in pregnancy or kids <8
Photosensitivity, yellowing teeth
Don’t take if expired

Question 8

Penicillins

Answer 8

Gram positive

Allergies

Question 9

Aminoglycosides

Answer 9

Gentamicin, neomycin, amikacin, tobramycin, streptomycin
Toxic (renal toxicity, ototoxicity)
monitor levels (peak and trough)

Question 10

Macrolides

Answer 10

Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin -thromycin
P450 interactions
QT prolongation (esp erythromycin) >0.4sec
C. Diff
Azith and erythro given to <2 weeks old —> pyloric stenosis

Question 11

Cephalosporins

Answer 11

Cef-
Gram + —> Gram -
10% cross reactivity with PCN (beta lactam)

Question 12

Fluoroquinolones

Answer 12

-floxacin (cipro, levo, moxi)
Urine, levo for respiratory 
Achilles tendon rupture
Don’t take with milk, antacids (drug won’t be absorbed)
Photosensitivity
Exacerbate myasthenia gravis

Question 13

Antifungals

Answer 13

Drug interactions

Question 14

Acyclovir

Answer 14

Genital herpes or varicella zoster
Crystalline neuropathy (esp with IV)

Question 15

Protease inhibitors antivirals

Answer 15

-navir

HIV/HEP-C

Question 16

SSRIs

Answer 16

4-6 weeks to take effect

Decreased libido

Question 17

Benzodiazepines

Answer 17

-zepam, -zolam
Respiratory/CNS depression
Flumazenil: antidote

Question 18

HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors

Answer 18

Statins
Inhibits synthesis of cholesterol in storage form
Monitor LFTs, myalgia

Question 19

Analgesics

Answer 19

-caine
Work on Sodium channels to numb
Can give through IV after cardiac event to calm things down
Infection, change in pH in the area —> need to use more lidocaine

Question 20

Proton pump inhibitors

Answer 20

Reduce protons H+