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BiB Midterm 1 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

These drugs inhibit plasminogen by preventing it from “sitting” on fibrin.

A
  1. EACA (Amicar)

2. Tranexamic Acid

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2
Q

What are indications for the use of a Fibrinolytic Agent? (4)

A
  1. Myocardial Infarct
  2. Peripheral Vascular Thrombosis
  3. Ischemic Stroke
  4. Massive PE with hemodynamics
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3
Q

What is Phenytoin? How can it affect B12/Folate absorption?

A

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant. It can decrease Vit B12/Folate absorption.

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Clopidrogel (Plavix)?

A

Blocks ADP in order to decrease platelet aggregation.

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5
Q

What drugs stimulate Thrombopoesis?

A

Romiplostim

Eltrombopag

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?

A

Irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase 1 and thromboxane A2. This inhibits platelet activation and aggregation. (platelet dysfunction)

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Warfarin? What is the goal of delivering it?

A

Warfarin inhibits Vitamin K absorption–> prevents γ-carboxylation of clotting factors VII, IX, X, and II (thrombin)–> factors cannot bind to Ca2+ and to phospholipid surfaces –> clotting is inhibited.

To increase the PT/INR just enough (2-3, normal is <1) so that clots don’t form readily.

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8
Q

What clotting factors are Vit K dependent?

A

2, 9, 7, & 10.

Proteins C & S

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Unfractionated Heparin (UFH)?

A

UFH inhibits factor IIa and Xa equally. It also inhibits other factors aswell.

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10
Q

What drugs does protamine sulfate nullify? (2)

A

Unfractionated Heparin -complete

Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) - incomplete; the rest is kidney.

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH)? Why is it better to use than Unfractionated Heparin?

A

LMWH inhibits factors Xa & IIa in a 4:1 ratio. Specificity: it does not affect other factors.

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Fondaprinux? How is it neutralized?

A

Inhibits factor Xa only. By the Kidney only.

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Desmopressin (DDAVP)?

A

DDAVP stimulates the release of vWF for the vWF deficient vWD patients.

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Rituximab?

A

Prevents the differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells. This prevents antibody secretion. (used in immune thrombocytopenic purpura, ITP)

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15
Q

What does the “-mab” suffix indicate of a drug?

A

It’s a monoclonal antibody. It will inhibit immune system from releasing certain antibodies.

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16
Q

Dobutamine. Drug Type? Mechanism of action?

A

Agonist.

Binds Beta 1 Receptor –> Increases cardiac activity

17
Q

Metoprolol. Drug Type? Mechanism of action?

A

Antagonist.

Binds Beta 1 Receptor –> Lowers cardiac activity.

18
Q

Methacholine: Drug type? Mechanism of action?

A

M3 agonist –> bronchoconstriction.

M2 agonist –> Low Heart Activity

19
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for Eculzimab. What Disorder would this treat?

A

Monoclonal antibodies produced against complement factor C5, which inhibit complement. This is used to treat Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) where RBC’s are susceptible to lysis by complement.

20
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of Dabigatran (Pradaxa)?

A

Anticoagulant! Dabigatran inhibits thrombin to prevent clot formation.

21
Q

Abciximab & Apixaban are both anticoagulants, what differentiates the two?

A

Abciximab - Antibodies against GP IIb/IIIa on platelets; prevents platelet aggregation.

Apixaban - A Direct Oral Anticoagulant (DOAC) that inhibits Factor Xa only.

22
Q

A patient presents with evidence of severe ischemia/stroke that is noted to have occurred within the last 3-4 hours, what drug type should you treat with?

A

Use a FIBRINOLYTIC drug (ie. alteplase, tPA, etc.)

23
Q

Propranolol: Drug type? Mechanism of action?

A

Antagonist.

Binds Beta 1 & 2 leading to lower heart activity & bronchoconstriction (bronchospasm)

24
Q

Salmeterol (LABA) : Drug type? Mechanism of action?

A

Agonist.

Binds Beta 2 Receptor (Lungs) leading to vasodilation of bronchioles.

25
Q

Albuterol (SABA): Drug type? Mechanism of action?

A

Agonist.

Binds Beta 2 Receptor (Lungs) leading to vasodilation of bronchioles.

26
Q

Atropine: Drug type? Mechanism of action?

A

Antagonist.

Binds M2 receptor –> Low Heart inhibition

27
Q

Ipratropium (SAMA) & Tiotropium (LAMA): Drug type? Mechanism of action?

A

Antagonists.

Bind M3 –> decreased bronchoconstriction

28
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for ACE inhibitors. What are some examples?

A

Bind and inhibit angtiotensin converting enzyme –> decreased aldosterone production –> lower blood pressure

Example: Lisinopril (“-pril” suffix)

29
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers). What are some examples?

A

Selectively block angiotensin type 1 receptor –> decreased aldosterone production –> low blood pressure

Example: Losartan (“-artan” suffix)

30
Q

What is the advantage of using and ARB over an ACE inhibitor?

A

ACE inhibitors inhibit ACE in the bradykinin system also leading to a persistent cough. ARBs do not do this, they only block the ACE pathway leading to low blood pressure.

31
Q

In what population of people are ACE inhibitors/ARBS contraindicated?

A

Pregnant women or women planning on becoming pregnant.

32
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for Thiazide Diuretics. What are some examples?

A

Block sodium chloride transporters –> increased Na excretion –> decreased blood volume.

Examples: Hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone

33
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs). What are some examples?

A

Decrease calcium influx to myocardial cells –> lower heart activity –> low blood pressure

Examples: Dilitazen, Verapamil

BiB Midterm 1 (7 decks)

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