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2MB: disease summaries > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Gq

Contraction of vascular smooth muscle

A

a1

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2
Q

Gi

Inhibition of noradrenaline release

A

a2

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3
Q

Gs

Positive inotropic and chronotropic effect

A

B1

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4
Q

Gs

Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

A

B2

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5
Q

Gq

Increased gastric acid secretion

A

M1

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6
Q

Gi

Decreased HR

A

M2

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7
Q

Gq
Increased saliva
Visceral smooth muscle contraction

A

M3

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8
Q

Gs stimulates

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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9
Q

Gq

A

Stimulation of phospholipase C

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10
Q

Gi

A

Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase

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11
Q

Drug elimination rate independent of dose

A

Zero order kinetics

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12
Q

Drug elimination proportional to dose

A

First order kinetics

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13
Q

What is the steady state

A

Rate admin = rate elimination

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14
Q

Phase I metabolism

A

Oxidation, hydrolysis and reduction

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15
Q

Phase II metabolism

A

conjugation to make more hydrophilic

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16
Q

Examples of biguanides

A

Metformin

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17
Q

Action of biguanide

A

Decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis via AMP protein kinases
Increases peripheral uptake
Reduces carb absorption
Increases fatty acid oxidation

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18
Q

Indications for metformin

A

1st line T2DM
Protective against risks
WEIGHT LOSS
No hypoglycemia risk

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19
Q

Side effects of metformin

A

GI upset

Lactic acidosis

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20
Q

Sulfonylureas examples

A

Tolbutamide

Gliclazide

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21
Q

Sulfonurea action

A

Displaces Mg-ADP on SUR1 from Katp channel
B cell depolarises
Stimulates insulin release

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22
Q

Sulfonylurea indications

A

Add on T2DM

MODY ( HNF-1a)

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23
Q

Sulfonylurea side effects

A

Weight gain
HYPOglycemia
LFT derangement

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24
Q

Thiazolidione example

A

Pioglitazone

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25
Q

Thiazolinediones action

A

PPARy activator to:
Increase insulin signalling (more glucose uptake)
Increased uptake and metabolism of FAs (reduce resistance)

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26
Q

Thiazolinedione usage

A

Add on in T2DM (HbA1c reduced by 0.6-1.5%)

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27
Q

Contraindications of thiazolinediones

A

3-5kg weight gain
Fracture risk
Hepatotoxic
fluid retention

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28
Q

SGLT-2 inhibitors

A

Dapagliflozin
Canagliflozin
Empagliflozin

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29
Q

SGLT-2 inhibitor mechanism

A

blocks SGLT-2 to prevent glucose reabsoprtion in PCT

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30
Q

Uses

A

Add on T2DM

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31
Q

sglt-2 side effects

A

UTIs

Ketoacidosis

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32
Q

DPP4 inhibitors

A

‘gliptins’

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33
Q

DPP4 inhibitor action

A

inhibits DPP4 enzyme so GLP-1 and GLP can work longer

Increases insulin and decreases glucagon

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34
Q

DPP4 uses

A

alone/ add on to T2DM

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35
Q

DPP4 side effets

A

Nausea

36
Q

GLP-1 receptor agonists

A

extenatide

Liraglutide

37
Q

GLP-1 action

A

Mimics GLP-1 to incrase insulin secretion

resistant to DPP4

38
Q

Uses of GLP-1

A

Good for meal relateed hyperglycemia

39
Q

a Glucosidase inhibitors

A

acarbose
voglibose
migitiol

40
Q

a Glucosidase action

A

inhibits a glucosidase to decrease starch breakdown

Reduced glucose absorbed

41
Q

Acetazolimide class

A

CA inhibitor

42
Q

CA inhibitor action

A

inhibits CA to increase HCO3 so more Na+ excreted

43
Q

CA inhibitor usage

A

glaucoma (reduced intraocular pressure)

44
Q

Furosemide

Bumetinide

A

Loop diurectics

45
Q

Loop diuretics action

A

Inhibits triple transport so less Na, K and Cl pumped out
Less water leaves descending limb
More K, Mg, Ca loss

46
Q

Loop diuretics usage

A

Salt and water overload

Hypertension

47
Q

Lopp diuretics side efects

A 
Dont use when BP low 
Low Na, K,
metabolic acidosis 
Gout 
Hearing loss
48
Q

Thiazide diuretics

A 
Bendroflumethiazide
also: 
Chlortalidone 
Indapamide
Metolozone
49
Q

Action of thiazides

A

Na-Cl in DCT
More Na (and K) pissed out
more water pissed out
Mg loss

50
Q

Thiazide action

A

mild heart failure
Hypertension
renal stones
Diabetes insipidus

51
Q

Side effects of thiazides

A 
Decreased Na, K, Mg
Gout
Metabolic acidosis
ED
Hypotension
52
Q

Potassium sparing diuretics

A

Amiloride and triamterene

Spironolactone and eplerenone

53
Q

Use of K sparing ABs

A

Heart failure
Hyperalosteronism
Hypertension

54
Q

Action of K sparing ABs

A

Amiloride and triametrene:
Block apical Na channels to reduce uptake (but no K loss as its the collecting ducts)
Spironolactone
Aldosterone antagonists to prevent salt and water uptake (No Na reabsorption so no K loss)

55
Q

When to avoid K sparing drugs

A

Hypokalaemia
Severe renal impairment
Addisons

56
Q

What is mannitol

A

Osmotic diuretic
Increases osmolarity in PCT to reduce movement of water
Maintains renal flow and reduces ICP

57
Q

Vaptans

A

Conivaptan

Tolvaptain

58
Q

Vaptan action

A

Antagonists of V receptors on aquaporin 2 channels to prevent ADH action
Water excreted without Na loss

59
Q

When are vaptans used?

A

SIADH
Hypervolaemia
Hyponatraemia

60
Q

Uricosuric agents

A

probenicid
Block reabsorption of urate in PCT
used for gout

61
Q

Antimuscarnics

A

oxybutynin
tolteridione
Solfenacin
Prevent overactive bladder contracting

62
Q

Side effects of antimuscarinics

A

Heat stroke
Dry mouth
Urinary retention

63
Q

B3 andrenergics

A

Mirabegnon
Relaxes detrusor
used in urge incontinence

64
Q

A blocker

A

Tamulosin
A1 receptor antagonist to prostate to relax muscles
Used in kidney stones and urinary retention

65
Q

A blocker side efects

A

Allergy

Hypotension

66
Q

Duloxetine

A

Stress incontinence

67
Q

NSAID examples

A

Aspirin
ibuprofen
naproxen
diclofenac

68
Q

NSAID mechanism

A

Block COX to prevent PG release so reduced pain sensation and inflammation

69
Q

Side effects of NSAIDs

A

GI problems
Renal impairment
Wheeze
Rash

70
Q

DMARD examples

A 
MTX
SFZ
Azathioprine
lefluonimide
HCQ
71
Q

DMARD use

A

Reduce rate of joint damage

72
Q

Side effects DMARDS

A

Liver damage (monitor LFTs)
ulcers
TERATOGENIC

73
Q

Biologics examples

A

-imabs

74
Q

Biologics action

A

Inhibit immune system (generally TNF)

used in autoimmune arthritis coniiditons

75
Q

Side effect of biologics

A

TB reactivation

76
Q

Urate lowering drugs

A

Allopurinol

Febuxostat

77
Q

Action of urate lowerig drugs

A

xanthine oxidase inhibitors so no urate synthesis

78
Q

Use of urate lowering drugs

A

Chronic gout

79
Q

Side effects of urate lowering drugs

A

Azathioprine interactons

80
Q

Acamprosate mechanism and use?

A 
Stabilises chemical signalling 
alcohol dependence (reduces pleasure)
81
Q

Naltrexone mechanism and use

A

Opioid receptor antagonist
Reduces amount and frequency of drinking
DOnt give in liver failure

82
Q

Dilsulfiram mechanism and use

A

Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme so hangover symptoms (nausea, vomiting tc) when drinnking
2nd line alcohol dependence

83
Q

Pabrinex and thiamine mechanism and use

A

Thiamine supplements

Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome (give with glucose infusion)

84
Q

Diazepam mechanism and use

A

GABA A receptor modulator
Makes neurone less likely to fire
Calming effects

85
Q

Side effects of diazepam

A

confusion
sedation
amnesia
falls

2MB: disease summaries (10 decks)

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