Pharmacology

Question 1

Stool softeners

Answer 1

Docusate

Question 2

Bulk-forming laxatives

Answer 2

Psyllium, methylcellulose

Question 3

Irritant (stimulant) laxatives

Answer 3

Castor oil, bisacodyl, senna

Question 4

Lubricating laxatives

Answer 4

Mineral oil, glycerin

Question 5

Osmotic agents (laxatives)

Answer 5

magnesium hydroxide, magnesium citrate, sorbitol, lactulose, polyethylene glycol

Question 6

Ocreotide- MOA and uses

Answer 6

Somatostatin analog that inhibits the release of vasodilatory hormones, causing splanchnic vasoconstriction; used for variceal bleeding, acromegaly, diarrhea (in endocrine disorders)

Question 7

Dobutamine- MOA and uses

Answer 7

Inotrope that agonizes beta-1 receptors; used for maintenance of cardiac output

Question 8

Metoclopramide- MOA, uses, major ADR

Answer 8

Primarily D2 antagonist, with some 5-HT3 antagonism and 5-HT4 agonism; antiemetic, promotes motility. May cause tardive dyskinesia.

Question 9

Misoprostol- MOA, uses

Answer 9

Prostaglandin E1 derivative; used to prevent peptic ulcers and to induce uterine contractions in pregnant women

Question 10

Omeprazole- MOA, uses

Answer 10

PPi; stomach ulcers

Question 11

Tranexamic acid- MOA, uses

Answer 11

Inhibits multiple plasminogen binding sites; used for dental bleeding prophylaxis in hemophilia patients

Question 12

Phytonadione- MOA, uses

Answer 12

Vitamin K; hypoprothrombinemia and warfarin stabilization

Question 13

Digoxin- MOA, uses

Answer 13

Cardiac glycoside that directly inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase, indirectly inhibiting the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger to cause increased intracellular calcium and positive inotropy; used for heart failure and Afib (slows heart rate and increases vagal activity)

Question 14

Digoxin- ADRs

Answer 14

Nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, yellow/green visual distortion, xanthopsia, hyperkalemia

Question 15

Digoxin- risk factors for toxicity and treatment

Answer 15

Renal failure, drug interactions (verapamil, quinidine, amiodarone), and hypokalemia (increases digoxin binding); give anti-digoxin Fab frgaments

Question 16

Milrinone- MOA, uses

Answer 16

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increasing cAMP and PKA and Ca2+ influx into cardiac cell, causing inotropy; short term IV treatment for acute decompensated heart failure

Question 17

Diltiazem- MOA, uses

Answer 17

L-type calcium channel blocker affecting smooth muscle to decrease peripheral vascular resistance, dilate coronary arteries, and prolong the AV node refractory period; used for hypertension, chronic stable angina, and supraventricular tachycardia

Question 18

Pilocarpine- MOA, uses

Answer 18

Cholinomimetic that slows heart rate by decreasing AV conduction velocity

Question 19

Procainamide- MOA, uses

Answer 19

Class 1A sodium channel blocker that decreases the slope of phase 0 of the action potential; antiarrhythmic

Question 20

Sucralfate- MOA, uses

Answer 20

Sulfated polysaccharide complexed to aluminum hydroxide, its strong negative charge binds to positively-charged proteins at base of ulcer, where it polymerizes to form a barrier, also stimulates angiogenesis; used for stomach/duodenal ulcers

Question 21

H2 antagonists

Answer 21

Cimetidine, rainitidine, nizatidine, famotidine

Question 22

Perchlorperazine- MOA, uses, ADRs

Answer 22

D2R agonist; antiemetic and anxiolytic (nonpsychotic); may cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome or extrapyramidal symptoms

Question 23

Dronabinol- MOA, uses

Answer 23

Cannadbinoid agonist; antiemetic and appetite stimulant for cancer patients

Question 24

Meclizine- MOA, uses

Answer 24

H1 agonist; motion sickness, vertigo

Question 25

Megestrol- MOA, uses, ADRs

Answer 25

Progestational agent; appetite-stimulant for cachexia, may cause thromboembolism, thrombophlabitis, adrenal suppression, cardiomyopathy