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Ophthalmology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two mediums of topical administrated eye medications?

A

Eye drops

ointment

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2
Q

Which of eye drops and ointments last longer?

A

ointment

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3
Q

where is a hydrophobic topical treatment limited?

A

stroma

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4
Q

where is a hydrophilic topical treatment limited?

A

epithelium

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5
Q

is chloramphenicol ur or hydrophilic?

A

both

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6
Q

what can ocular surface inflammation do to the nature of the epithelium?

A

Reduce it’s hydrophobic nature- can increase corneal penetration

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7
Q

what does adding a phosphate to a steroid do?

A

makes it more hydrophilic

will treat surface pathologies

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8
Q

what does adding alcohol or acetate to a steroid do?

A

makes it more hydrophobic

will treat deeper pathologies

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9
Q

what is added to eye drop bottles to keep them sterile?

A

Benzalkonium chloride

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10
Q

what effect does benzalkonium have on penetration?

A

It disrupts the lipid layer of tear film so some medications that could previously not breach this barrier are now able to

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11
Q

what are the four routes of injections into the eye?

A

subconjunctival
subtenon
intravitreal
intracameral

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12
Q

what are anti-inflammatory agents that can be used on the eyes?

A

steroids
topical NSAIDs
anti-histamines
mast cell stabilizers

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13
Q

what should you always consider with an over 50 y/o, sudden onset headache and vague visual symptoms?

A

TEMPORAL ARTERITIS

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14
Q

what are some local side effects of ocular steroids?

A

cataracts
glaucoma
exacerbation of viral infection (herpes simplex in particular)

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15
Q

what is the aim of glaucoma management?

A

to allow the patient to see what they need to see during their lifetime

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16
Q

Which glaucoma medications act to “open up the drain”?

A

prostanoids (Latanoprost)
Alpha2 adrenergic agonist (Brimonidine)
Parasympathomimetic (pilocarpine)

17
Q

which glaucoma medications act to “turn off the tap”?

A

beta blockers
CA inhibitoes (Dorzolamide- topical, Axetazolamide- systemic)
Alpha2 adrenergic agonist (brimonidine)

18
Q

what is often the biggest issue with glaucoma medication?

A

poor compliance

19
Q

what is intravitreal anti-VEGF for?

A

to shrink new blood vessel formation in the retina

20
Q

what is the most common eye drop used for diagnosis?

A

fluorescein

21
Q

what do mydriatics do?

A

block parasympathetic supply to iris causing pupil dilation

22
Q

what should you do if a patient has a sudden onset headache and associated vomiting?

A

Look at the eye- if one is red and pupil is mid-dilated –> acute angle closure glaucoma

23
Q

what do parasympathomimetics do?

A

cause pupil constriction

Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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