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Ophthalmology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What bones make up the bony orbit?

A 
Frontal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Nasal bone
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Lacrimal bone
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2
Q

What is the bony feature superior to the bony orbit?

A

Suproorbital notch/foramen

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3
Q

What is the bony feature inferior to the bony orbit?

A

Infraorbital foramen

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4
Q

What is the difference between the orbital walls and margins?

A

The walls are what lines the interior of the bony orbit.

The margins are the anterior edges of the bones

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5
Q

What feature is at the apex of the bony orbit?

A

The optic canal

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6
Q

Which walls of the bony orbit are more susceptible to trauma and why?

A

The medial wall and orbital floor.

Because the bone is very thin

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7
Q

What muscle is responsible for closing the eyelid?

A

Obicularis occuli

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8
Q

What muscle is responsible for opening the eyelid?

A

Levator palpebrae superiorus

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9
Q

What is the steps of the lacrimal pathway?

A

tears originate from the lacrimal gland, flow across the eye medially (aided by blinking), enter the small nasal puncta at the nasal corner of the eye, through the canaliculi into the lacrimal sac which passes down the nasolacrimal duct, ending up at the inferior meatus (in the nasal cavity)

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10
Q

What makes up the fibrous layer of the eye?

A
  1. Sclera

2. Cornea

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11
Q

What makes up the uvea (vascuar layer of the eye)?

A
  1. Iris
  2. Ciliary body
  3. Choroid
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12
Q

What is the inner layer of the eye?

A

The retina

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13
Q

what is the role of the ciliary body?

A

controls iris, shape of lens and secretion of aqueous humour

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14
Q

what is the role of the choroid?

A

nutrition and gas exchange

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15
Q

Which segment of the eye contains aqueous humour?

A

The anterior segment

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16
Q

where is the anterior chamber of the anterior segment located?

A

between the cornea and iris

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17
Q

where is the posterior chamber of the anterior segment located?

A

between the iris and suspensory ligaments

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18
Q

what segment of the eye contains vitreous body?

A

The posterior segment

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19
Q

can the human body replace vitreous humour?

A

no

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20
Q

What is another word for the corneoscleral junction?

A

the limbus

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21
Q

What is the circulation of aqueous?

A
  1. ciliary body- where aqueous is secreted
  2. posterior chamber- nourishes the lens
  3. Pupil- passes through to enter the anterior chamber and nourish cornea
  4. reabsorbed into the scleral venous sinus (canal of sclemm) at iridocorneal angle
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22
Q

where does the ophthalmic artery branch off from?

A

The internal carotid artery

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23
Q

What vessels are present within the optic nerve?

A

the central retinal artery and vein

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24
Q

Where does venous drainage from the orbit and surrounding structures go to?

A

The cavernous sinus, via the superior orbital fissure

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25
Q

What dangerous condition is related to the orbital venous drainage?

A

cavernous sinus thrombosis

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26
Q

What is the fundus?

A

the posterior area where light is focused

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27
Q

What makes up the fundus?

A
  1. Optic disc- the point of CN II formation, only entry/exit point for blood vessels and axons of CN II
    * contains no photoreceptors= blind spot*
  2. Macula- the greatest density of cones
  3. Fovea- the centre of the macula, 1.5mm diameter depression, the area of most acute vision
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28
Q

What makes the structure of the retina unusual?

A

It’s as if the structure is back to front

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29
Q

where are the retinal arteries and veins located in respect to the retina?

A

anteriorly

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30
Q

which lies more anteriorly- the ganglion cells or photoreceptor cells of the retina?

A

the ganglion cells

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31
Q

Which part of the ganglion cells are the most anterior (in the retina)?

A

the axons

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32
Q

what is the most posterior part of the retina?

A

the photoreceptors

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33
Q

How many extraocular skeletal muscles are there?

A

7

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34
Q

What are the 4 rectus muscles?

A
  • superior rectus
  • inferior rectus
  • medial rectus
  • lateral rectus
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35
Q

where do the 4 rectus muscles originate and insert?

A

the common tendinous ring.

The sclera

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36
Q

What are the 2 oblique muscles?

A

superior oblique

inferior oblique

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37
Q

what is the 1 other extraocular muscle?

A

levator palpebrae superiosis

38
Q

what extraocular muscles are supplied by the ocuomotor nerve?

A 
medial rectus
superior rectus
inferior rectus
inferior oblique
levator palpebrae superiosis
39
Q

What extraocular muscle is supplied by the trochlear nerve?

A

superior oblique

40
Q

What extraocular muscle is supplied by the abducent nerve?

A

The lateral rectus

41
Q

what is the name of CNV1 and it’s territory?

A

Opthalmic nerve:

  • upper eyelid
  • cornea
  • conjunctiva
  • skin of the root, bridge and tip of nose
42
Q

What is the name of CNV2 and it’s territory?

A

Maxillary nerve:

  • skin of lower eyelid
  • skin over maxilla
  • skin of the ala of the nose
  • skin/mucosa of upper lip
43
Q

What is the name of CNV3 and it’s territory?

A

mandubular nerve:
- skin over the mandible and TMJ
(excluding the mandibular angle)

44
Q

What is the sensory nerve involved in the corneal/blink reflex?

A

The ophthalmic divison of the trigeminal nerve (CNV1)

45
Q

what motor nerve is involved in the corneal/blink reflex?

A

The facial nerve (CN VII)

46
Q

Where do the presynaptic sympathetic axons to the orbit originate from?

A

T1 spinal nerve

47
Q

where do the sympathetic axons to the orbit synapse?

A

The superior cervical ganglion

48
Q

What route do the postsynaptic sympathetic fibres to the orbit take?

A

The internal or external carotid arteries (peri-arterial plexuses)

49
Q

What is the ophthalmic artery and what is it’s role in the sympathetic nerve supply?

A

The terminal branch of the internal carotid artery.

It delivers the post-synaptic sympathetic fibres on it’s surface

50
Q

What 2 parasympathetic ganglia in the head are important to the eye?

A

ciliary ganglion

pterygopalatine ganglion

51
Q

what CN synapses at the ciliary gangion?

A

CN III (oculomotor)

52
Q

what CN synapses at the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

CN VII (facial)

53
Q

what route does the oculomotor nerve take to get to the eye?

A

origin= junction between midline and pons

  • passes through cavernous sinus
  • exits through superior orbital fissure
54
Q

What nerve fibres pass through the ciliary ganglion?

A

post synaptic sympathetic fibres

general sensory fibres

55
Q

what are the two ciliary nerves called?

A

The long ciliary nevre

the short ciliary nerve

56
Q

what ciliary nerve is involved in the blink reflex?

A

the long ciliary nerve

57
Q

what ciliary nerve is involved changing the shape of the iris and lens in response to light?

A

the short ciliary nerve

58
Q

what type of fibres make up the short ciliary nerve?

A
  • postsynaptic parasympathetic fibres
  • postsynaptic sympathetic fibres
  • general sensory fibres
59
Q

what type of fibres make up the long ciliary nerve?

A

general sensory fibres

postsynaptic sympathetic

60
Q

is the wide reflex sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

sympathetic- response to danger (fight or flight)

- pupils dilate and lens changes shape to focus on distant objects

61
Q

What will parasympathetic nerves do to the eye?

A

rest and digest

  • less light into eye (pupils constrict)
  • focus on near objects (resting like reading a book- way to remember)
  • reflex lacrimation- cleaning the cornea
62
Q

what muscles are involved in pupil dilation and constriction?

A

dilator pupilae

sphincter pupillae

63
Q

what is the name for a non-physiologically enlarged pupil?

A

mydriatic pupil

64
Q

what pupil muscle is sympathetically supplied?

A

dilator pupilae

65
Q

what is the name for a non-physiologically constricted pupil?

A

miotic pupil

66
Q

what pupil muscle is parasympathetically supplied?

A

sphincter pupillae

67
Q

Is pupillary constriction to unilateral stimulus light unilateral or bilateral?

A

BILATERAL

68
Q

what is the sensory part of the pupillary light reflex?

A

CN II (optic nerve)

69
Q

what is the motor part of the pupillary light reflex?

A

CN III (oculomotor nerve)

70
Q

what are the names of the eye being stimulated and the other eye in the pupillary light reflex?

A

direct light reflex

consensual light refex

71
Q

why is the pupillary light refelx bilateral?

A

once ipsilateral signal reaches the midbrain- it sends a bilateral motor signal out

72
Q

what controls the lens movements?

A

parasympathetic supply to the cilliary muscle and suspensory ligaments

73
Q

what mechanism allows focus on a far away object?

A

switch off of parasympathetic supply
ciliary muscle relaxation
suspesory ligament tightening
lens flattens

74
Q

what mechanism allows focus on a near object?

A

turn on of parasympathetic supply
ciliary muscle contraction
relaxation of suspensory ligament
lens becomes short and fat

75
Q

What is the accommodation reflex?

A

when you switch your vision from far to near focus

76
Q

what are the 3 components of the accommodation reflex/

A
  1. bilateral pupillary constriction (restricts light into retina)
  2. bilateral convergence (medial rotation of both eyes- cross eyed)
  3. bilateral relaxation of the lens
77
Q

What are the three causes of lacrimation?

A
  1. basal tears- clean/nourish the cornea
  2. reflex tears- in response to mechanical/chemical stimulation
  3. emotional tears
78
Q

what causes raised intracranial pressure?

A

head injury
space occupying lesion, tumour, abscess or haemorrhage
hydrocephalus
meningitis

79
Q

is raised intracranial pressure acute or chronic?

A

it can be both

80
Q

what happens if raised intracranial pressure is not relieved?

A

brain damage

81
Q

what is hydrocephalus and what is a sign of it?

A

blockage of CSF causing developing skull to swell with excess CSF
sunset sign of the eyes

82
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

Dura matter
arachnoid matter
pia matter

83
Q

where do the meninges line?

A

the entire brain and the spinal cord

84
Q

what are the two layers of the dura matter?

A

endosteal layer

meningeal layer

85
Q

what is a dural venous sinus?

A

collection of venous blood in between the endosteal and meningeal layers of the dura matter.
the site where CSF drains through the arachnoid villus into the venous system

86
Q

what is significant about the tentorium notch?

A

this is where the brainstem passes through.
If there is significantly raised IC pressure, this can push parts of the brain down here (risk squashing important part sof the brain and the CNs passing through that fissure)

87
Q

what is the route that CSF circulates?

A 
produced in choroid plexus
lateral ventricels
 (intraventricular foramen)
third ventricle
(cerebral aqueduct)
fourth ventricel
(medial aperture/2x lateral apertures/ central canal of spinal cord)
subarachnoid space
arachnoid villi/ granulations
superior sagittal sinus
reabsorbed into venous system
88
Q

what are some visual signs/symptoms of raised IC pressure?

A
  • trasient blurred vision
  • double vision
  • loss of vision
  • papilloedema
  • pupillary changes
89
Q

what makes the optic nerve different from other CNs?

A

it has meningial covering

90
Q

what is the morphology of the trochlear nerve?

A

very thin, supplies superior oblique so passes back on itself

91
Q

what is the morphology of the abducent nerve?

A

thin (but thicker than trochlear)

92
Q

what is ptosis?

A

droopy eyelids

Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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