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Ophthalmology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two generic types of immunity?

A

innate and adaptive

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2
Q

What are the main defenses the eye has against pathogens?

A

blink reflex
physical and chemical properties of eye surface
limited exposure/size

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3
Q

What are the layers of the tear film from outermost to innermost?

A

lipid layer- produced by eyelid (prevents evaporation)
aqueous layer- produced by lacrimal glands
mucous layer- produced by conjunctiva (asheres them to eye)

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4
Q

what are the main chemical properties of tears?

A

Lysosome: kills many bacteria (gram -ve) and fungi
Lactoferrin and transferrin (kills gram +ve bacteria)
Tear Lipids (antibacterial to cell membranes)
Angiogenin: antimicrobial effect within tear film
Secretory IgA: prevents bacterial attatchment
Complement
IL-6, IL-8, MIP: recruit leucocytes

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5
Q

What are the main innate immune cells in the eye?

A

neutrophils
macrophages
conjunctival mast cells

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6
Q

What are the main APCs involved in adaptive immunity in the eye?

A

dentritic cells
B cells
macrophages

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7
Q

what are the main effector cells involved in adaptive immunity of the eye?

A

CD4+ T cells
CD8+ T cells
B cells

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8
Q

what is the name of the principle APC of the external eye?

A

Langerhans cells:

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9
Q

what MHC class are Langerhans cells rich in?

A

II

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10
Q

where is there an abundance of Langerhans cells?

A

the corneo-scleral limbus

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11
Q

which part of the eye has lymphatic drainage?

A

the conjunctiva

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12
Q

what is the main APC for the conjunctiva?

A

dendritic cells

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13
Q

what does MALT stand for?

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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14
Q

which part of the eye is the ‘tough collagen coat’?

A

the cornea and sclera

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15
Q

what is the vascular supply to the sclera?

A

avascular

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16
Q

where do T cells gather in the lacrimal glands?

A

around intralobar ducts

17
Q

where is there the greatest potential for major damage in the eye?

A

the vitreous, choroid and retina

18
Q

what is immune privellage?

A

a site that can tolerate the introduction of a foreign pathogen without creating an immune response

19
Q

what is ACAID?

A

anterior chamber associate immune deviation

20
Q

what are the immunological hallmarks of ACAID?

A

primed CD4+ T and B cells producing non-complement-fixinf antibodies
Inhibition of delayed-type hypersensitivity

21
Q

Is ACAID an active process?

A

yes

22
Q

what are the three main factors why ocular immune privelege was established?

A

separation (immunological ignorance)
inhibition
regulation (ACAID)

23
Q

what is symathetic ophthalmia?

A

a devistating eye infection most commonly caused by a penetrating traumatic injury
T cell response to the injury causes bilateral granulomatous uveitis that can lead to blindness

24
Q

in sympathetic ophthalmia- what is the names given to the injured and non-injured eye?

A

exciting eye

sympathizing eye

25
Q

why is there bilateral granulomatous uveitis in sympathetic ophthalmia?

A

when the antigen signal from the exciting eye reaches the lymph node, the T cells produced in response cannot differentate one eye from the other so attack both.

26
Q

what are some ocular autoimmune diseases?

A

autoimmune uveroretinitis
Dalen-Fuchs nodule (epithelial cell clusters in retinal layers)
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes)
Lens-induced uveitis (when degrading lens proteins leak into capsule of the eye)
retina autoantibodies (retinopathy associated with cancer/infection/degeneratve disease)
sympathetic opthalmia

27
Q

what is an example of a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction in the eye?

A

acute allergic conjunctivitis

28
Q

what is chemosis?

A

oedema and swelling of the conjunctiva (has a thickened jelly-like apperance)

29
Q

what is an example of a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction in the eye?

A

ocular cicatrical pemphigoid

blistering lesions of the eyelids ana eye surface- scarring difficult symptoms

30
Q

how would you treat ocular cicatricial pemphigoid?

A

steroids

31
Q

what in an ocular example of a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

autoimmune corneal meting

32
Q

what is an ocular example of a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

corneal graft rejection

Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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