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ENDOCRINE > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the difference between the endocrine and exocrine systems

A

Endocrine - hormones secreted into Extra-cellular fluid

Exocrine - secretes hormones into duct system which then empties hormones into various parts of body

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2
Q

Name the main endocrine glands in the body

A

Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary

Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus

Adrenal Glands
Pancreas

Ovaries
Testes

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3
Q

Name the four main chemical groupings of hormones

A

Modified Amino Acids
Steroid
Peptide
Protein

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4
Q

What substance is the precursor for steroid hormones?

A

Cholesterol

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5
Q

Adrenaline, T3 and T4 are examples of what type of hormone?

A

Modified amino acids

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6
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones

A

Cortisol
Progesterone
Testosterone

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7
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and anti-diuretic hormone are members of what group of hormones?

A

Peptides

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8
Q

Give one example of a protein hormone

A

Insulin

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9
Q

Describe the difference between Autocrine, Paracrine and Endocrine

A

Autocrine - cell that releases the signal also receives the signal

Paracrine - cell that sends the signal is adjacent to the cell which recieves the signal

Endocrine - cell sends signal into bloodstream and signal is recieved at an organ distal to the original cell site

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10
Q

It is possible for hormones to act in more than one manner (e.g. both paracrine and endocrine). TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

e.g. somatostatin = paracrine in pancreas
BUT endocrine in brain

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11
Q

Hormones act at very high concentrations. TRUE/FALSE?

A

FALSE

Act at very low concentrations
=> act with very high potency

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12
Q

What occurs when a hormone binds to its target receptor?

A
  • biological response is triggered
  • signal transduction cascade
  • causes amplification of the original signal
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13
Q

How is hormone action terminated?

A
  • enzyme-mediated metabolic inactivation in the liver

- or terminated at sites of action

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14
Q

Give an example of hormones which work together in a complementary manner

A

Adrenaline, cortisol, glucagon

Prevent hypoglycaemia and hypokalaemia in short term intense exercise

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15
Q

What hormones work in an antagonistic manner?

A

INSULIN and GLUCAGON

Insulin:
- lowers plasma glucose levels

Glucagon:
- increases plasma glucose levels

=> opposite effects

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16
Q

How are amine hormones released from cells?

A
  • pre-synthesised
  • stored in vesicles
  • released by Ca2+ dependent exocytosis
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17
Q

Are amine hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Can they be transported freely in plasma?

A

Amines are hydrophilic

=> transported mainly free in plasma

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18
Q

Are peptide hormones hydrophilic or hydrophobic? Can they be transported freely in blood plasma?

A

hydrophilic

=> transported mainly free in plasma

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19
Q

How are peptide hormones released from cells?

A
  • pre-synthesised usually longer precursors
  • stored in vesicles
  • released by Ca2+-dependent exocytosis
20
Q

How are steroid hormones synthesised and released from cells?

A
  • synthesised and secreted upon demand
21
Q

How do stimuli increase the production/secretion of steroid hormones?

A

Stimuli increase:

(i) cellular uptake and availability of cholesterol
(ii) rate of conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone (rate limiting step)

22
Q

Are steroid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A
  • hydrophobic
    => transported in plasma mainly bound (~90%) to plasma proteins

only ‘free’ steroid hormone is biologically active

23
Q

What are the main functions of carrier proteins?

A
  • increase amount transported in blood
  • provide a reservoir of hormone
  • extend half-life of the hormone in the circulation
24
Q

Give examples of specific carrier proteins

A

cortisol-binding globulin (CBG) – binds cortisol in a selective manner (also some aldosterone)

thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) – binds thyroxine (T4) selectively [also some triiodothyronine (T3)]

sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG) – binds mainly testosterone and oestradiol

25
Q

Give an example of a general carrier protein

A

albumin – binds many steroids and thyroxine

26
Q

Why do peptide and protein hormones not last as long?

A

They do not have carrier proteins to prolong their half life

27
Q

How do carrier proteins prevent surges in hormone?

A

bind free hormone to buffer surge in concentration

28
Q

If hormone is eliminated from the plasma, what is the role of carrier proteins?

A

To dissociate from hormone and create more “free” to enter plasma and maintain concentration

29
Q

What elements of the HPA axis can cortisol negatively feedback on?

A

Hypothalamus

Anterior Pituitary

30
Q

What external factor can have a positive effect on the HPA pathway, causing it to be stimulated more?

A

Stress at level of hypothalamus

elicits sudden burst in secretion

31
Q

How are hormones usually eliminated

A

metabolism locally, by the liver

excretion by the kidney

32
Q

How is the plasma concentration of a hormone defined?

A

plasma conc. = rate of secretion – rate of elimination

33
Q

Roughly how long are the half lives of each hormone group?

A

amines t½ = seconds
proteins and peptides t½ = minutes
steroids and thyroid hormones - t½ = hours to days

34
Q

What types of receptors do hormones usually bind to?

A

G-protein coupled (GPCR)
Receptor kinases
Nuclear receptors (Class 1, Class 2 and Hybrid class)

35
Q

What hormone receptors are found on the cell surface?

A

GPCR

Receptor Kinases

36
Q

How are the classes of Nuclear Receptor different?

A

class 1

  • activated mainly by steroids
  • located in the cytoplasm
  • bound to inhibitory heat shock proteins (HSP)
  • move to the nucleus when activated

class 2

  • activated mostly by lipids
  • present in the nucleus

hybrid class

  • activated by thyroid hormone (T3) etc
  • similar in function to class 1
37
Q

What type of hormone activates GPCRs?

A

activated by amines and some proteins/peptides

38
Q

What types of hormone activate receptor kinases?

A

activated by some proteins/peptides

39
Q

What effect does Gs have on the formation of adenylyl cyclase?

A

Causes it to convert more ATP to cAMP

40
Q

What effect does Gi have on adenylyl cyclase?

A

Negative effect on production of cAMP from ATP

41
Q

What hormones signal via GPCR Gs?

A

Adrenaline
Glucagon
Corticotrophin Releasing Factor (CRF)

42
Q

What hormone signals via GPCR Gi?

A

Melatonin

for sleep => causing cellular effects to lessen

43
Q

What hormones signal via GPCR Gq?

A

Angiotensin II
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
Thyrotropin releasing hormone

44
Q

Describe the mechanism of receptor kinases

A 
Target Hormone Binds
Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues
Recruitment of phosphorylated adapter proteins
Stimulate Protein kinase B
Metabolic effects
45
Q

Describe the basis of Class 1 nuclear receptor signalling

A
  • lipophilic molecules diffuse across plasma membrane
  • combine with intracellular receptor
  • HSP dissociate
  • receptor steroid complex moves to nucleus
  • dimer forms and binds to DNA hormone response elements
  • transcription either ‘switched-on’ or ‘switched off’
    => alters mRNA levels/rate of synthesis of proteins

ENDOCRINE (22 decks)

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