Pharmacology Flashcards
Schedule I drugs
Highly addictive,not accepted in medical use in United States. Examples of drugs heroin peyote LSD
Schedule II drugs
High risk for potential abuse.
Morphine, oxycodone, amphetamine, cocaine, methadone
Schedule III drugs
Less potential for abuse than schedule two drugs. Examples codeine hydrocodone or anabolic steroids
Schedule IV drugs
Low potential abuse relative to schedule three drugs. Darvon,
Benzodiazepines
First pass effect
Absorption of drugs in intestinal tract and the drug’s entry into portal circulation. First pass through liver detoxifies substances.
Why do mg of medications sometimes differ when given iv or IM as opposed to PO?
Because PO meds go through first pass effect and med gets biotransformed.
Prodrugs
Drugs that, upon biotransformation in liver, produce active metabolites.
iatrogenic effect
Illness induced by medication given for tx.
Common symptoms of bone marrow suppression:
- anemia characterized by weakness, dyspnea, fatigue, syncope
- neutropenia (low neutrophils) characterized by fever chills, sore throat, malaise and opportunistic infection
- thrombocytopenia (low platelets) characterized by eccymosis, petechiae, unusual bleeding
Symptoms of neurotoxic reactions of meds
CNS
-confusion, excitation, sedation, delusions, depression
Autonomic Nervous system-
-constipation, diarrhea
Peripheral NS
- paresthesias, peripheral neuritis, cranial nerve deficits( diplopia)
Symptoms of nephrotoxicity
Oliguria Anuria Edema Weight gain Hematuria Crystakluria Azotemia (azo=nitrogen, so it means nitrogen blood condition)
Symptoms of hepatotoxicity
Anorexia Malaise, fatigue Nausea Fever Hepatic tenderness Jaundice Hepatomegaly Elevated LFT Dark urine Light colored stools
Ototoxicity
Tinnitus
Sensitive to noise
Vestibular toxicity- nystagmus,vertigo, n/v
Cardiotoxicity
Tachyarrhythmias Bradyarrhythmias Cardiomyopathy Chf Severe hypo or hypertension
Symptoms of resp depression
Decreased resp rate and shallow resps
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Caused by pcn, sulfa drugs, cotrimoxazole, carbamazepine, hydantoins, allopurinol…
S/sx- erythema multiforme, erosive involvement of mucous membranes of mouth, nose, bronchial tree and genitalia
Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Caused by pcn, sulfa drugs, cotrimoxazole, carbamazepine, hydantoins, allopurinol…
Initially resembles Stevens -Johnson, but progresses to greater than 30% loss of epidermis due to necrosis.
Hypersensitivity syndrome
Caused by carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarb, sulfa drugs, allopurinol.
S/sx- skin rash and fever
Hepatitis, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy, blood abnormalities
Drug induced vasculitis
Caused by allopurinol, pcn, sulfa drugs, thiazides, pyrazolones…
-s/sx- Palpable purpuric papular rash usually on lower extremities but can be present in kidneys, gi tract, CNS
Anticoagulant induced skin necrosis
Caused by warfarin and heparin
S/sx: occlusive thrombi of vessels supplying skin and subcutaneous tissue of areas with large amounts of adipose tissue (breast, butt)
Type 1 allergic reaction
Result from IgE
Mast cells release large quantities of histamines.
Rapid onset- 30 min.
S-sx difficulty swallowing or breathing as bronchi become edematous.
rhinitis, sneezing
Treatment is epinephrine and resp support
Type 2 drug reaction
IgG or IgM
-hemolysis (destruction of RBCs)
-Hemolytic reaction to blood transfusion
-immediate reaction is fever
- flank pain, wheezing, n/v, chest pain
Treatment- D/C blood transfusion, maintain BP,
Control bleeding and prevent renal damage, possibly IV diuretics
Type 3 drug reaction
Caused by formation of immune complexes when antigens interact with antibodies, resulting in Serum sickness
Serum sickness occurs with a few days of injection of a protein.
Usually resolve spontaneously within 7-14 days. Antihistamines may help or if severe can use corticosteroids
Type 4 drug reaction
Rash secondary to topical agents.
Mediated by T cell.
Treatment is d/c use of product and use calamine for itch
Carcinogenic drugs
Drug induced changes in DNA from meds such as cyclophosphamide (antineoplastic)
Drug related cancer may not occur until years after administration
Teratogenic reactions
Drugs affecting fetus
List some of the many uses of cholinergic drugs
Slowing a fast heart rate,
relieving spasms of respiratory system
relieving nasal discharge, treat nausea and vomiting, motion sickness and dizziness,
decrease a gastric secretions and increase esophageal sphincter muscle tone,
treating eye and urinary tract disorders, neurological disorders
Uses of antineoplastic drugs
Fight new growth caused by cancer,
used against auto immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis
Difference between
1-anticoagulants
2-antiplatelet drugs
3.thrombolytics
Anticoagulants Prevent blood from clotting, cause a prolonged bleeding time. Heparin and warfarin, apixiban(Eliquis), enoxaparin
Antiplatelet drugs prevent thromboembolic events. (Traveling clots that can cause CVA or MI.) ASA and clopidogrel(plavix)
Thrombolytics Promote lysis of fiber in strands causing dissolution of thrombi. Alteplase, streptokinase
Antiretrovirals
Manage HIV infections.
Increase the CD4 cell count and decrease the viral load.
Uses for Beta blockers
BP, chest pain, fast heart rate, vessel narrowing
Migraine, glaucoma, heart failure.
can prevent heart attacks and can manage symptoms of low thyroid function
Uses for calcium channel blockera
BP, chest pain, coronary artery spasm.
Control the rhythm of the heart and to prevent neurological damage
Tall man lettering
buPROPion vs busPIRone
Prevents errors with LASA (look alike sound alike)
30g = how many ounces?
30g =1 oz
1g = how many gr? (Grains)
1 g equals 15 gr
Buccal route for administering meds
In the cheek
Absorbed though mucosa
Not swallowed when
Parenteral route
administration means any non-oral means of administration, but is generally interpreted as relating to injecting directly into the body, bypassing the skin and mucous membranes. The common parenteral routes are intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV).
