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Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of substances that interact with living systems

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2
Q

Toxicology

A

Deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems

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3
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

Study of the therapeutic uses and effects of drugs

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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics (PK)

A 
ADME:
A-Absorption 
D-Distrubition 
M-Metabolism (biotransformation)
E-Elimination of drugs
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5
Q

Pharmacodynamics (PD)

A

Study of the relationship between the concentration of a drug and the response obtained in a patient

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6
Q

What is the only drug that can affect on the body?

A

Free drug

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7
Q

Bioavailability

A
  • Fraction (F) of the administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation
  • Defined as 100% for intravenous administration
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8
Q

After administration by other routes (less than 100%) bioavailability is generally reduced by what?

A
  1. Incomplete absorption- And in the intestine, expulsion of drug by intestinal transporters)
  2. First-pass metabolism, and any distribution into other tissues that occurs before the drug enters the systemic circulation
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9
Q

How is medication absorbed via buccal/sublingual route?

A
  • Directly into the systemic venous circulation

- Bypasses the hepatic circuit and first-pass metabolism

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10
Q

How is medication absorbed via inhalation route?

A
  • Delivery closest to respiratory tissues

- Very rapid absorption

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11
Q

How is medication absorbed via topical route?

A

Application to the skin or to mucous membrane of:

  • EENT
  • Vagina
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12
Q

What effect does topical route of administered meds have?

A

Local effect

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13
Q

How is medication absorbed via Transdermal route?

A
  • Application to the skin

- Absorption is very slow due to thickness of skin

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14
Q

What effect does transdermal route of administered meds have?

A

Systemic effect

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15
Q

What is the gastric pH @ birth?

A

6-8

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16
Q

What does the gastric pH decrease to in newborns?

A

1 to 3 w/in 24 hrs

17
Q

Why is skin absorption increased in newborns?

A
  1. Underdeveloped stratum corneum

2. Increased skin hydration

18
Q

How are most drugs absorbed?

A

Via Passive Diffusion

19
Q

How are nutrients absorbed/

A

Active Transport

20
Q

What nutrients have impaired absorption in older adults?

A
  • Vitamin B12
  • Iron
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Leucine
21
Q

Why is there an increased bioavailability and higher plasma concentration of drugs in geriatric patients?

A

Decreased first-pass effect on hepatic or gut wall metabolism

22
Q

Define First-Pass Effect

A
  • Concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation
  • Fraction of lost drug during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall
23
Q

Examples of passive transport

A
  1. Paracellular transport

2. Diffusion

24
Q

Examples of Active Transport

A
  1. Facilitated diffusion

2. Drug transporters

25
Define volume of distribution (vd)
- Relates to the amount of drug in the body to the serum concentration - Determined by: 1. Physiologic volume of blood and tissues 2. How the drug binds in blood and tissues
26
How many half lives does it take to reach steady state?
4 to 5
27
Define receptors
Specific molecules in a biologic system with which drugs interact to produce changes in the function of the system.
28
Define Agonist
Drugs bind to and activate the receptor in some fashion, which directly or indirectly brings about the effect
29
Define Partial Agonist
Binds to its receptor but produces a smaller effect at full dosage than a full agonist
30
Define Antagonist
Drugs, by binding to a receptor, compete with and prevent binding by other molecules
31
Define Allosteric
Drugs bind to the same receptor molecule but do not prevent binding of the agonist - -> Maybe enhance or inhibit the action the agonist molecule - ->Not overcome by increasing the dose of agonist
32
Define Irreversible antagonist
An antagonist that cannot be overcome by increasing the agonist
33
What is the most important organ for drug metabolism?
Liver
34
what group of enzymes are responsible for most drug metabolism oxidation reactions?
Cytochrome P450
35
Define substrate
Drug which is metabolized by one of the CYP450 enzyme
36
Define inducer
Drug which can increase the activity of a CYP450 enzyme
37
Define inhibitor
Drug which can decrease the activity of a CYP450 enzyme

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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