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Pharmacology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of substances that interact with living systems

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2
Q

Toxicology

A

Deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems

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3
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

Study of the therapeutic uses and effects of drugs

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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics (PK)

A 
ADME:
A-Absorption 
D-Distrubition 
M-Metabolism (biotransformation)
E-Elimination of drugs
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5
Q

Pharmacodynamics (PD)

A

Study of the relationship between the concentration of a drug and the response obtained in a patient

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6
Q

What is the only drug that can affect on the body?

A

Free drug

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7
Q

Bioavailability

A
  • Fraction (F) of the administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation
  • Defined as 100% for intravenous administration
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8
Q

After administration by other routes (less than 100%) bioavailability is generally reduced by what?

A
  1. Incomplete absorption- And in the intestine, expulsion of drug by intestinal transporters)
  2. First-pass metabolism, and any distribution into other tissues that occurs before the drug enters the systemic circulation
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9
Q

How is medication absorbed via buccal/sublingual route?

A
  • Directly into the systemic venous circulation

- Bypasses the hepatic circuit and first-pass metabolism

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10
Q

How is medication absorbed via inhalation route?

A
  • Delivery closest to respiratory tissues

- Very rapid absorption

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11
Q

How is medication absorbed via topical route?

A

Application to the skin or to mucous membrane of:

  • EENT
  • Vagina
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12
Q

What effect does topical route of administered meds have?

A

Local effect

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13
Q

How is medication absorbed via Transdermal route?

A
  • Application to the skin

- Absorption is very slow due to thickness of skin

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14
Q

What effect does transdermal route of administered meds have?

A

Systemic effect

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15
Q

What is the gastric pH @ birth?

A

6-8

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16
Q

What does the gastric pH decrease to in newborns?

A

1 to 3 w/in 24 hrs

17
Q

Why is skin absorption increased in newborns?

A
  1. Underdeveloped stratum corneum

2. Increased skin hydration

18
Q

How are most drugs absorbed?

A

Via Passive Diffusion

19
Q

How are nutrients absorbed/

A

Active Transport

20
Q

What nutrients have impaired absorption in older adults?

A
  • Vitamin B12
  • Iron
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Leucine
21
Q

Why is there an increased bioavailability and higher plasma concentration of drugs in geriatric patients?

A

Decreased first-pass effect on hepatic or gut wall metabolism

22
Q

Define First-Pass Effect

A
  • Concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation
  • Fraction of lost drug during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall
23
Q

Examples of passive transport

A
  1. Paracellular transport

2. Diffusion

24
Q

Examples of Active Transport

A
  1. Facilitated diffusion

2. Drug transporters

25
Q

Define volume of distribution (vd)

A
  • Relates to the amount of drug in the body to the serum concentration
  • Determined by:
    1. Physiologic volume of blood and tissues
    2. How the drug binds in blood and tissues
26
Q

How many half lives does it take to reach steady state?

A

4 to 5

27
Q

Define receptors

A

Specific molecules in a biologic system with which drugs interact to produce changes in the function of the system.

28
Q

Define Agonist

A

Drugs bind to and activate the receptor in some fashion, which directly or indirectly brings about the effect

29
Q

Define Partial Agonist

A

Binds to its receptor but produces a smaller effect at full dosage than a full agonist

30
Q

Define Antagonist

A

Drugs, by binding to a receptor, compete with and prevent binding by other molecules

31
Q

Define Allosteric

A

Drugs bind to the same receptor molecule but do not prevent binding of the agonist

  • -> Maybe enhance or inhibit the action the agonist molecule
  • ->Not overcome by increasing the dose of agonist
32
Q

Define Irreversible antagonist

A

An antagonist that cannot be overcome by increasing the agonist

33
Q

What is the most important organ for drug metabolism?

A

Liver

34
Q

what group of enzymes are responsible for most drug metabolism oxidation reactions?

A

Cytochrome P450

35
Q

Define substrate

A

Drug which is metabolized by one of the CYP450 enzyme

36
Q

Define inducer

A

Drug which can increase the activity of a CYP450 enzyme

37
Q

Define inhibitor

A

Drug which can decrease the activity of a CYP450 enzyme

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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