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neurology > pharmacology > Flashcards

pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the axon hillock

A

site of initiation of the all or non action potential

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2
Q

what does the axon do

A

conducts output signals as action potentials to other neurones
mediates transport of materials between the soma and presynaptic terminal

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3
Q

describe a pseudounipolar neurone

A

one neurite that bifurcates ‘splits’

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4
Q

where do you find unipolar neurones

A

peripheral autonomic neurone

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5
Q

where do you find pseudo unipolar neurones

A

dorsal root ganglion

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6
Q

where do you find bipolar neurones

A

retinal ganglion

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7
Q

where do you find multipolar neurones

A

lower motor neurone

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8
Q

what are the four functional regions of neurone

A

input
integrative
conductile
output

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9
Q

where would you find a projection neurone

A

from dorsal horn of spinal cord to brain structures

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10
Q

what channel mediates the upstroke

A

voltage activate na channels

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11
Q

what channel mediates the downstroke

A

voltage activated k channels

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12
Q

what does the distance over which current spread depend on

A

membrane resistance and axial resistance of the axoplasm

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13
Q

what is a factor in the propagation of the action potential

A

passive conduction

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14
Q

the x the length constant the greater the local current spread

A

the longer the length constant the greater the local current spread

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15
Q

what does greater local current spread increase

A

AP conduction velocity

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16
Q

what is the most common form of synapse

A

axodendritic

and the axosomatic

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17
Q

what activates postsynaptic cation selective

A

glutamate

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18
Q

in the CNS what is the most frequent excitatory synapse transmitter

A

glutamate

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19
Q

what does GABA or glycine activate

A

post synaptic ANION selective ionotropic GABA or glycine receptors

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20
Q

what is contained in the vesicles

A

neurotransmitter

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21
Q

presynaptically where do the vesicles cluster

A

around the active zones

22
Q

postsynaptically where do the vesicles cluster

A

postsynaptic density

23
Q

where are amino acids and amines released from

A

synaptic vesicles

24
Q

where are peptides released from

A

secretory vesicles

25
Q

what can glutamate, GABA, glycine, acetylcholine and 5HT activate that mediates fast neurotransmission

A

ionotropic ligand gated ion channels (LGICs)

26
Q

do GPCR allow fast or slow neurotransmission

A

slow

27
Q

what can activate GPCR

A

glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine and 5HT (NOT glycine)

28
Q

where do glycine and glutamate occur

A

in all cells-not just in neurones

29
Q

where do GABA and amines occur

A

they must be specifically synthesised by the neurones that release them

30
Q

where are the enzymes that make GABA and amines found

A

they are synthesised in the cell body and are transported to the presynaptic terminal by AXOPLASMIC transport along microtubules

31
Q

which types of cells are macroglia

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, Capsular cells

32
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

ciliated cells that line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord-they help form and circulate the CSF

33
Q

what are the most numerous cells in the nervous system

A

astrocytes

34
Q

which part of astrocytes help form the blood brain barrier

A

perivascular end-feet which surround capillaries

35
Q

what are the function of astrocytes

A

control of electrolyte balance in the CNS-particularly extracellular K+
PRODUCTION OF NEUROTROPHINS NECESSARY FOR NEURONAL SURVIVAL
uptake of neurotransmitters eg glutamate, GABA
supplying glutamine for synthesis of neurotransmitter glutamate
regulating the tightness of the BBB

36
Q

what are astrocytes highly susceptible to

A

the formation of neoplasms

37
Q

what does a Na channel agonist do

A

closes the channels favours inhibition

38
Q

example of a na channel agonist

A

lidocaine

39
Q

how are neurotransmitters inactivated

A

neurotransmitter can be returned to axon terminals for reuse or transported into glial cells
enzymes inactivate neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters can diffuse out of the synaptic cleft

40
Q

how can neurotransmitters act on ion channels

A

directly or indirectly

41
Q

direct gating is by

A

IONOTROPIC RECEPTROS

42
Q

Indirect gating is by

A

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS

43
Q

what is the major excitatory neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

44
Q

what do non NMDA ionotropic receptors mediate

A

fast excitatory synaptic transmission

45
Q

what are examples of non NMDA ionotropic receptors

A

AMPA and kainite

46
Q

give examples of selective blockers of NMDA channels

A

ketamine and phencyclidine

47
Q

what are NMDA channels highly permeable to

A

Ca2+ and hence they are thought to promote neurotoxicity

48
Q

what are ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors important in discriminating in

A

ON and OFF retinal pathways

49
Q

what is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CS

A

GABA

50
Q

GABA acts on what two receptors

A

Ionotropic GABAa receptor that operates a CL- channel

GABAb metabotropic which often activates a K channel

neurology (9 decks)

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