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neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

where are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord

A

cervical and lumbar

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2
Q

what do the roots of the spinal cord pass through until the intervertebral foramina

A

the subarachnoid space

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3
Q

what does the spinal cord contibue as after the conus medullaris

A

filum terminale

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4
Q

how is the spinal cord suspended in the canal

A

lateral aspects of the cord is the denticulate ligament

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5
Q

what is contained in the white matter

A

longitudinally orientate nerve fibres (axons), glial cells, and blood vessels

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6
Q

what is in the grey matter

A

neuronal soma, cell processes, synapses, glial and blood vessels

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7
Q

what also runs the length of the spinal cord

A

a small central canal

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8
Q

what are the parts of the white matter

A

posterior, lateral and anterior FUNICULUS

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9
Q

What are the 4 parts of the grey matter

A

r and l posterior and anterior horns

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10
Q

what runs in the spinal cord from T1-L2

A

lateral horns of grey matter

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11
Q

what is contained in the lateral horns

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

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12
Q

what is the arterial supply to the spinal cord

A

3 major longitudinal arteries 1x anterior and 2x posterior longitudinal arteries
segmental arteries
radicular arteries

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13
Q

what are the longitudinal arteries branches of

A

vertebral arteries

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14
Q

where do radicular arteries travel along

A

dorsal and ventral roots

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15
Q

what is the dura mater attached to in the cranial cavity

A

the periosteum

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16
Q

what is contained in the epidural space

A

adipose tissue and anterior and posterior epidural venous plexuses

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17
Q

what are the 2 main tracts for sensory

A

dorsal column/medial leminiscus system and spinothalamic tract

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18
Q

what does dorsal column/medial leminiscus system carry

A

fine touch and conscious proprioception

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19
Q

what does spinothalamic tract carry

A

pain temperature and deep pressure

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20
Q

where do fibres cross in spinothalamic tract

A

they cross segmentally

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21
Q

where do fibres cross in dorsal column/medial leminiscus system

A

they cross in medulla

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22
Q

what is the main descending tract for motor pathways

A

corticospinal

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23
Q

what does corticospinal tract convey

A

fine, precise movement

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24
Q

where can you see the corticospinal tract

A

it forms visible ridges called pyramids on anterior surface of medulla

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25
Q

where do most of the fibres cross in corticospinal tract

A

85% cross in the caudal medulla

26
Q

where do crossed fibres travel in corticospinal tract

A

lateral CST

27
Q

where do uncrossed fibres travel in corticospinal tract

A

ventral CST

28
Q

what can a CVA of the internal capsule result in

A

a lack of descending control of the corticospinal tract

29
Q

what would a CVA of the internal capsule result in clinically

A

SPASTIC PARALYSIS with hyperflexion of the upper limbs/ decorticate posturing

30
Q

in general what do fibres originating in the pons facilitate

A

extensor movements and inhibit flexor movements

31
Q

what are the four types of glial cells

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

32
Q

what do ependymal cells do

A

ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium that lines ventricles

33
Q

what do astrocytes do

A

support, maintain blood-brain barrier, environmental homeostasis

34
Q

what makes up the lentiform nucleus

A

putamen and globus

35
Q

what does the pineal gland do

A

small endocrine gland that is involved with sleep

36
Q

which layer of the scalp contains its named arteries

A

connective tissue

37
Q

what is the ophthalmic artery a branch of

A

the internal carotid artery

38
Q

what are the branches of the internal carotid in the neck

A

there are none

39
Q

what are the 5 layers of the scalp

A 
Skin 
Connective tissue 
aponeurosis 
loose connective tissue 
pericranium
40
Q

what is the thinnest part of the skull

A

pterion

41
Q

which artery courses deep to the pterion

A

middle meningeal artery

42
Q

what is the groove between the deep surfaces of the temporal and occipital bone made by

A

sigmoid sinus

43
Q

the sensory supply to the dura mater is supplies by what

A

CNV

44
Q

what is formed when the double layered dura mater separates

A

a dural venous sinus

45
Q

where does the tentorium cerebelli attach

A

to the ridges of the petrous temporal bone

46
Q

what is the falx cerebri made of

A

dura mater

47
Q

what drains blood from the dural venous sinuses

A

cerebral veins

48
Q

where is the confluence of the sinuses

A

internal occipital protuberance

49
Q

where does the vertebral artery pass through

A

the transverse foraminae

50
Q

how does the vertebral artery enter the cranial cavity

A

via foramen magnum

51
Q

where does the subarachnoid space end

A

S2

52
Q

where is the 3rd ventricle located

A

in the diencephalon in the midline

53
Q

what is the central canal of the spinal cord continuous with

A

the 4th ventricle

54
Q

where is an extradural haemorrhage

A

between the bone and dura

55
Q

what could cause an extradural haemorrhage

A

a ruptured middle meningeal artery by trauma to the pterion

56
Q

what can cause a subdural haemorrhage

A

torn cerebral veins

falls in the elderly and those with drinking problems

57
Q

where is a subdural haemorrhage

A

it separates the dura from the arachnoid

58
Q

where is a subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

into the CSF of the subarachnoid space

59
Q

what can cause a subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

ruptured Circle of Willis aneurysm/ congenital aneurysm

60
Q

what happens to most efferent axons of deep cerebellar nuclei

A

they cross the midline and synapse in the thalamus

61
Q

the pterion involves which bones

A

frontal, temporal, parietal and sphenoid

neurology (9 decks)

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