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Cardiovascular > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

GTN

A

Vasodilator
Works by NO, but as a venous and arterial hypotension
Can cause GTN syncope

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2
Q

Drugs for angina

A
  1. GTN spray

B blockers, Ca2+ channel blockers, long acting nitrates, K/ATP channel openers, Ivabradine, Ranolazine

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3
Q

Ca2+ channel blockers side effects

A

Ankle oedema

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4
Q

ACE inhibitor

A

Heart failure activates the angiotensin system

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5
Q

Digoxin

A

Na/K main effects are on the AV node: really useful/good in atrial fibrillation

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6
Q

Anti-coagulants

A

Prevent clots forming in the atria as a result of stasis (comes from atria not contracting properly)

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7
Q

ACEI side effects

A

Dry cough
- Use ARBTs
Ankle oedema, adverse effect on renal function esp. in renal artery stenosis

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8
Q

Spironolactone side effects

A

Hyperkalaemia

Gynaecomastia

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9
Q

Treatment in Heart Failure

A
  1. Sit the patient up
  2. IV Furosemide
  3. High flow oxygen (not COPD)
  4. IV Diamorphine (not in COPD)
  5. IV GTN (nitrate would reduce blood pressure, don’t use in those with low blood pressure)
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10
Q

Why sit the patient up in heart failure?

A

Reduced pre-load and afterload to heart

Reduces the atrial filling pressure

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11
Q

Caution with oxygen?

A

In those with COPD/Type II Resp Failure

- They need the hypoxic drive

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12
Q

Furosemide side effects

A

Renal angle pain due to diuresis

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13
Q

Diamorphine side effects

A

Nausea and vomiting

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14
Q

GTN side effects

A

Hypotension

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15
Q

Uses of Sacubitril-Valsartan

A

When still symptomatic on a comprehensive treatment programme for heart failure

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16
Q

Opiates side effects

A

Nausea
Sedation
Hypoventilation

17
Q

Nitrates side effects

A

Hypotension

18
Q

Beta Blockers side effects

A

Bradycardia
Cardiac failure
Bronchospasm (asthma and chronic bronchitis)
Hypotension

19
Q

Disopyramide

A

Type Ia

Used in the prevention of recurrent ventricular arrhytmias

20
Q

Procainamide

A

Type Ia

Used IV for ventricular arrhythmias following MI

21
Q

Flecainide

A

Type Ic
Negative Inotrope
Used for the prophylaxis of paroxysmal atrial flutter
RISK: triggering ventricular arrhythmias

22
Q

Propranolol

A

Type II

Surpression of AVN conduction and excessive sympathetic drive

23
Q

Amiodarone and Sotalol

A

Slow repolarisation and so increases action potential duration and refractory period

24
Q

When may Ivabradine be indicated?

A

If heart rate is in FAST sinus rhythm despite the use of maximum dose beta blockers

25
Q

Types of Calcium Antagonists

A
  1. Dihydropyridines

2. Rate Limiting Calcium Antagonists

26
Q

Dihydropyridines

A

Used in hypertension and angina

Side effect is ankle oedema

27
Q

a1 receptors

A

Constriction of vessels (smooth muscles in vessels)

28
Q

b1 receptors

A

Increased;
Cardiac rate
Cardiac force
AV node conduction velocity

29
Q

b2 receptors

A

Increased relaxation of vessels and bronchial tree

30
Q

Use of B-adrenoceptor antagonists in angina pectoris

A

Not used in variant angina
Decrease the myocardial oxygen requirement (lower heart rate/stroke volume, reduced work)
Counter-acts elevated sympathetic activity associated with ischaemic pain
Increased amount of time spent in diastole (better perfusion)

31
Q

Action of Calcium Antagonists

A

Prevent the opening of L type channels in excitable tissues

  • Upstroke of the AP in the SA and AV nodes (can reduce the rate and conduction through the AVN)
  • Can reduce the force of contraction
32
Q

Use of calcium antagonists in hypertension

A

Generalised arteriolar dilation and reduced TPR and MABP

  • Drugs with selectivity for smooth muscle L-type channels are preferred (avoid adverse effects on cardiac muscle)
  • Especially useful in those who suffer from both angina and hypertension
33
Q

Use of calcium antagonists in dysrhythmias

A

-Ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation reduced by supression of conduction through the AV node

34
Q

Alpha Blockers

A

Block a adrenoceptors to cause vasodilation

Used in hypertension and prostatic hypertrophy

35
Q

Digoxin Toxicity

A 
Nausea
Vomiting
Bradycardia
Heart Block
Ventricular Arrhythmias

Cardiovascular (7 decks)

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