Pharmacology Flashcards
Pharmacology is the study of what?
How chemicals interact with living organisms to produce biologic effects. Also how drugs alter functions of living organisms
What is Pharmacotherapy?
use of drugs to prevent, diagnose or treat signs symptoms and disease processes.
Drugs are define as what?
Chemicals that produce therapeutic effects- may be given for local or systemic effects
Pharmacodynamics are what?
Focuses on how drugs produce biologic effects by interacting with specific targets at the drugs site of action
What 2 effects occur when you take medications?
Local and Systemic
What are the local affects of medication?
Act mainly at the site of application
What are the Systemic affects of medication?
Taken in to the body, circulated via the bloodstream to sites of action, and eventually eliminated from the body.
There are 3 names drugs can be referred to. What are they?
Chemical, Generic, and Trade/Brand name?
What is a description of a chemical name?
Refers to a medication composition and molecular structure
What is a description of a Generic name?
original designation drug was given when applied for approval; part of public record
What is a trade/brand name?
Used for marketing the drug
What is study of Pharmacokinetic?
How medication enters the body and reach their site of action, metabolized or biotransformed and the exits the body.
What does Pharmacokinetics determines?
How drugs are administered, how often they are given and the dosage needed.
What is the process for Pharmacokinetics?
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism (Biotransformation), Excretion
What is the 1st step in Pharmacokinetics?
Process by which a drug is transferred from site of entry into the body blood stream, unless administered directly in the bloodstream.
True or False: Medication that are highly lipid are absorbed rapidly across the lipid cell membrane?
True
Bioavailability
Dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to cells.
What factors affect rate and extent of drug absorption?
Dosage Form, Route of administration, Administration site. blood flow, GI function
True or False: Are Oral drugs always less bioavailable than IV?
True
What is the bioavailability of IV drugs?
100%
What does Enteric coating on tablets or pills do?
Protects against stomach acid, and allow tablets to dissolve in alkaline GI tract, increases bioavailability
What are some body surface areas within the body?
GI tract, lungs brain all have surface area for absorption - some more than others
What is the GI function for Oral drugs?
absorbs medication, but must first pass through stomach
What is the percentage of drugs that are used orally?
80%
What are the Various forms of oral medication?
Liquid, tablet, and caplet
What are tablets mixed with?
Inert fillers and binders use to hold meds together and allow tablet to hold together
What could affect absorption of medication?
Manufactures, age, different filler
What are the different routes of administration of medication?
Aerosol, Buccal, inhalation, IV, IM, Subcutaneous, Sublingual, Transdermal, Oral
Aerosol
Directly delivered to lung - restrict actions to lung
Buccal Medication
Direct delivery to general circulation
IV
Direct control of drugs concentration into blood
IM
Rapid absorption into blood stream muscle has good blood supply
Subcutaneous
Slower than IM release into blood for absorption - hormone BC
Sublingual
Direct delivery to general circulation
Transdermal
Continuous dosing - absorbed through skin, Slower absorption
Oral
Needs to be absorbed through GI tract - liquids faster than tablets
What does Parenteral Absorption?
General term meaning any other route of administering drugs other than the GI Tract
Benefits of Parenteral absorption?
Fasterst route by which drug can be absorbed, this route by-passes the first-pass effect of the liver
What is the largest absorption surface
Small intestine
Yes or NO: Does food effect the ability to dissolve and absorb medication?
Yes
What is emptying time?
Time drug in stomach
What Factors influence Enteral Drug absorption?
Age of client, Med Type, Food, Beverages, Portions of small bowel removed, Blood Flow, Drug is lipid or water soluble, Route
What is the First Pass Effect?
Drugs absorbed from the stomach small intestine and colon enters the portal circulation before entering general circulation
What could Liver biotransformation due to the drug?
Make it inactive and not available to circulation
What are the different Distribution sites?
Action sites, metabolism sites and excretion sites
The distribution process affect what?
Protein binding - large complex can’t get through the capillaries, blood-brain barrier, pregnancy, Lactation
What 3 major ways are drugs transported to and from target Cells?
Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Active transport
Once Drugs are transported to the Cell, Drugs move across Cell membranes by?
Direct penetration, proteins Channels, Carrier proteins
Direct penetration
Membrane by lipid soluble drugs
Protein Channels
Small channels - most drugs are to large and only small ions use this
Carrier proteins
Selected proteins that carry drugs across cell membrane
Some drugs have a greater affinity or are more bound to protein than others
Protein drug complex
What are free drugs?
Drugs not bound to proteins and they are active
What protein does drugs bind to?
Albumin
What is the blood brain barrier?
A row of capillary cells covered by a fatty sheath joined by continuous tight intercellular junctions. Only certain drugs can cross the cell membrane.
Ture or False: Are drugs able to pass to the placenta and thru breastmilk?
True: such as Steroids, narcotics, anesthesia, some antibiotics
Drugs that pass the liver many times to be metabolized are know as what?
Metabolites, different forms of the drug
What is the goal of the liver to do for the drugs?
To become non-active in order to be excreted
Drug-metabolizing enzymes are located where?
Liver, Kidneys, RBC, Lungs, GI mucosa
What Factors affect drug metabolism?
Enzyme Induction, Enzyme inhibition
What are some non drug agents which may have an impact on metabolism?
Diet, lifestyle, environment, alcohol, caffeine, constituents of tobacco, charcoal-broiled foods, cruciferous vegetable, grapefruit juice, air or water pollutants
Drug Excretion thru where?
Urine, Lungs - anesthesia, feces - unabsorbed drugs, exocrine - mammary glands, sweat and skin, saliva
What could be some impairments that would cause excretion of drugs?
Severe renal disease, liver disease, lung functions, bowel functions
What is an “onset of action” for Serum Drug Levels?
Time it takes to reach the MEC after a drug is administered
Peak Level of Serum Drug Levels?
The highest plasma level achieved by a single dose when the elimination rate of a drug equals absorption rate
What does Peak levels indicate?
The absorption of a drug
What is a duration of action in the serum medication?
Length of time during which the education is present in a concentration great enough to produce a therapeutic affect.
What is a plateau for serum drug administration?
Concentration reached and maintained after repeated fixed doses.
Toxic Concentration
Excessive levels of medication in the bloodstream
When would a laboratory measurement be performed after drug administration?
1-3 hours after drug is given
What are trough levels?
The lowest plasma concentration of a drug
What variables affect the drug action?
Dosage, Route of administration, diet interactions, drug interactions, Age, Body weight, Genetics, Pathologic conditions, psychological,
What is an additive for drugs?
Effect occurs when two or more “Like” drugs are combined and the result is the sum of the drugs effects
What are synergistic Drug effects?
Occurs when two or more “Unlike” drugs are used together to produce a combined effect
Pharmacogenetics
Study of the genetic influence on drug response that occurs with inherited metabolic defects or deficiencies
True or False: women respond the same to antidepressants and anti-anxiety medication as men?
False; they respond differently
Black Box Warning?
Strongest warning by FDA before withdrawal from market.
What is idiosyncratic effect?
Unpredictable effects or strange reactions response to a drug.
What are the 6 rights of safe medication?
Right drug, Right Dose, Right Client, Right Route, Right time ( 30 mins before or after scheduled time), right documentation, Right to refuse, right assessment, right evaluation
What is a standing Order?
Order carried out for a number of days, until canceled
One time order is what?
Single order given
PRN order
As needed order
Stat order
Giv immediately
Standing protocol
Medication administration in specific situations with criteria for administration clearly outlined
What are different dosage forms of medication?
Liquids, tablets, capsules, suppositories, transdermal, IM,SQ,IV,ID, Topicals, inhalations, Lozenges,
Apothecary system
Old system of measure that was specifically developed for use by pharmacists.
What is a “Household system”?
Measuring system found in recipe books
When identifying a client 2 identifiers are used what are they?
Clients name, DOB
What are some Nursing Dx for Drug use/Administration?
Knowledge deficit, Risk for Injury, Fluid volume Deficit, Acute pain, Noncompliance
what is a drug therapy Goal?
Use of med to prevent or tx disease process and manifestations
What are the client Goals?
Receive or take drugs as prescribed, experience relief of S/S, avoid preventable advert drug effects, self administer drug safely and accurately, verbalize essential drug information, keep appointments for monitoring and F/U, use any herbal dietary supplements with caution and report such use to health care provider
What are general non drug Nursing Interventions?
Promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing/decreasing need for drug therapy, client teachings, Ambulating, positioning, exercising, assisting to cough and deep breathe.
