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Nursing 135 > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

Pharmacology is the study of what?

A

How chemicals interact with living organisms to produce biologic effects. Also how drugs alter functions of living organisms

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2
Q

What is Pharmacotherapy?

A

use of drugs to prevent, diagnose or treat signs symptoms and disease processes.

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3
Q

Drugs are define as what?

A

Chemicals that produce therapeutic effects- may be given for local or systemic effects

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4
Q

Pharmacodynamics are what?

A

Focuses on how drugs produce biologic effects by interacting with specific targets at the drugs site of action

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5
Q

What 2 effects occur when you take medications?

A

Local and Systemic

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6
Q

What are the local affects of medication?

A

Act mainly at the site of application

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7
Q

What are the Systemic affects of medication?

A

Taken in to the body, circulated via the bloodstream to sites of action, and eventually eliminated from the body.

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8
Q

There are 3 names drugs can be referred to. What are they?

A

Chemical, Generic, and Trade/Brand name?

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9
Q

What is a description of a chemical name?

A

Refers to a medication composition and molecular structure

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10
Q

What is a description of a Generic name?

A

original designation drug was given when applied for approval; part of public record

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11
Q

What is a trade/brand name?

A

Used for marketing the drug

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12
Q

What is study of Pharmacokinetic?

A

How medication enters the body and reach their site of action, metabolized or biotransformed and the exits the body.

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13
Q

What does Pharmacokinetics determines?

A

How drugs are administered, how often they are given and the dosage needed.

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14
Q

What is the process for Pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism (Biotransformation), Excretion

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15
Q

What is the 1st step in Pharmacokinetics?

A

Process by which a drug is transferred from site of entry into the body blood stream, unless administered directly in the bloodstream.

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16
Q

True or False: Medication that are highly lipid are absorbed rapidly across the lipid cell membrane?

A

True

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17
Q

Bioavailability

A

Dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to cells.

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18
Q

What factors affect rate and extent of drug absorption?

A

Dosage Form, Route of administration, Administration site. blood flow, GI function

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19
Q

True or False: Are Oral drugs always less bioavailable than IV?

A

True

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20
Q

What is the bioavailability of IV drugs?

A

100%

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21
Q

What does Enteric coating on tablets or pills do?

A

Protects against stomach acid, and allow tablets to dissolve in alkaline GI tract, increases bioavailability

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22
Q

What are some body surface areas within the body?

A

GI tract, lungs brain all have surface area for absorption - some more than others

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23
Q

What is the GI function for Oral drugs?

A

absorbs medication, but must first pass through stomach

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24
Q

What is the percentage of drugs that are used orally?

A

80%

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25
Q

What are the Various forms of oral medication?

A

Liquid, tablet, and caplet

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26
Q

What are tablets mixed with?

A

Inert fillers and binders use to hold meds together and allow tablet to hold together

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27
Q

What could affect absorption of medication?

A

Manufactures, age, different filler

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28
Q

What are the different routes of administration of medication?

A

Aerosol, Buccal, inhalation, IV, IM, Subcutaneous, Sublingual, Transdermal, Oral

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29
Q

Aerosol

A

Directly delivered to lung - restrict actions to lung

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30
Q

Buccal Medication

A

Direct delivery to general circulation

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31
Q

IV

A

Direct control of drugs concentration into blood

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32
Q

IM

A

Rapid absorption into blood stream muscle has good blood supply

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33
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Slower than IM release into blood for absorption - hormone BC

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34
Q

Sublingual

A

Direct delivery to general circulation

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35
Q

Transdermal

A

Continuous dosing - absorbed through skin, Slower absorption

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36
Q

Oral

A

Needs to be absorbed through GI tract - liquids faster than tablets

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37
Q

What does Parenteral Absorption?

A

General term meaning any other route of administering drugs other than the GI Tract

38
Q

Benefits of Parenteral absorption?

A

Fasterst route by which drug can be absorbed, this route by-passes the first-pass effect of the liver

39
Q

What is the largest absorption surface

A

Small intestine

40
Q

Yes or NO: Does food effect the ability to dissolve and absorb medication?

A

Yes

41
Q

What is emptying time?

A

Time drug in stomach

42
Q

What Factors influence Enteral Drug absorption?

A

Age of client, Med Type, Food, Beverages, Portions of small bowel removed, Blood Flow, Drug is lipid or water soluble, Route

43
Q

What is the First Pass Effect?

A

Drugs absorbed from the stomach small intestine and colon enters the portal circulation before entering general circulation

44
Q

What could Liver biotransformation due to the drug?

A

Make it inactive and not available to circulation

45
Q

What are the different Distribution sites?

A

Action sites, metabolism sites and excretion sites

46
Q

The distribution process affect what?

A

Protein binding - large complex can’t get through the capillaries, blood-brain barrier, pregnancy, Lactation

47
Q

What 3 major ways are drugs transported to and from target Cells?

A

Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Active transport

48
Q

Once Drugs are transported to the Cell, Drugs move across Cell membranes by?

A

Direct penetration, proteins Channels, Carrier proteins

49
Q

Direct penetration

A

Membrane by lipid soluble drugs

50
Q

Protein Channels

A

Small channels - most drugs are to large and only small ions use this

51
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Selected proteins that carry drugs across cell membrane

52
Q

Some drugs have a greater affinity or are more bound to protein than others

A

Protein drug complex

53
Q

What are free drugs?

A

Drugs not bound to proteins and they are active

54
Q

What protein does drugs bind to?

A

Albumin

55
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

A row of capillary cells covered by a fatty sheath joined by continuous tight intercellular junctions. Only certain drugs can cross the cell membrane.

56
Q

Ture or False: Are drugs able to pass to the placenta and thru breastmilk?

A

True: such as Steroids, narcotics, anesthesia, some antibiotics

57
Q

Drugs that pass the liver many times to be metabolized are know as what?

A

Metabolites, different forms of the drug

58
Q

What is the goal of the liver to do for the drugs?

A

To become non-active in order to be excreted

59
Q

Drug-metabolizing enzymes are located where?

A

Liver, Kidneys, RBC, Lungs, GI mucosa

60
Q

What Factors affect drug metabolism?

A

Enzyme Induction, Enzyme inhibition

61
Q

What are some non drug agents which may have an impact on metabolism?

A

Diet, lifestyle, environment, alcohol, caffeine, constituents of tobacco, charcoal-broiled foods, cruciferous vegetable, grapefruit juice, air or water pollutants

62
Q

Drug Excretion thru where?

A

Urine, Lungs - anesthesia, feces - unabsorbed drugs, exocrine - mammary glands, sweat and skin, saliva

63
Q

What could be some impairments that would cause excretion of drugs?

A

Severe renal disease, liver disease, lung functions, bowel functions

64
Q

What is an “onset of action” for Serum Drug Levels?

A

Time it takes to reach the MEC after a drug is administered

65
Q

Peak Level of Serum Drug Levels?

A

The highest plasma level achieved by a single dose when the elimination rate of a drug equals absorption rate

66
Q

What does Peak levels indicate?

A

The absorption of a drug

67
Q

What is a duration of action in the serum medication?

A

Length of time during which the education is present in a concentration great enough to produce a therapeutic affect.

68
Q

What is a plateau for serum drug administration?

A

Concentration reached and maintained after repeated fixed doses.

69
Q

Toxic Concentration

A

Excessive levels of medication in the bloodstream

70
Q

When would a laboratory measurement be performed after drug administration?

A

1-3 hours after drug is given

71
Q

What are trough levels?

A

The lowest plasma concentration of a drug

72
Q

What variables affect the drug action?

A

Dosage, Route of administration, diet interactions, drug interactions, Age, Body weight, Genetics, Pathologic conditions, psychological,

73
Q

What is an additive for drugs?

A

Effect occurs when two or more “Like” drugs are combined and the result is the sum of the drugs effects

74
Q

What are synergistic Drug effects?

A

Occurs when two or more “Unlike” drugs are used together to produce a combined effect

75
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

Study of the genetic influence on drug response that occurs with inherited metabolic defects or deficiencies

76
Q

True or False: women respond the same to antidepressants and anti-anxiety medication as men?

A

False; they respond differently

77
Q

Black Box Warning?

A

Strongest warning by FDA before withdrawal from market.

78
Q

What is idiosyncratic effect?

A

Unpredictable effects or strange reactions response to a drug.

79
Q

What are the 6 rights of safe medication?

A

Right drug, Right Dose, Right Client, Right Route, Right time ( 30 mins before or after scheduled time), right documentation, Right to refuse, right assessment, right evaluation

80
Q

What is a standing Order?

A

Order carried out for a number of days, until canceled

81
Q

One time order is what?

A

Single order given

82
Q

PRN order

A

As needed order

83
Q

Stat order

A

Giv immediately

84
Q

Standing protocol

A

Medication administration in specific situations with criteria for administration clearly outlined

85
Q

What are different dosage forms of medication?

A

Liquids, tablets, capsules, suppositories, transdermal, IM,SQ,IV,ID, Topicals, inhalations, Lozenges,

86
Q

Apothecary system

A

Old system of measure that was specifically developed for use by pharmacists.

87
Q

What is a “Household system”?

A

Measuring system found in recipe books

88
Q

When identifying a client 2 identifiers are used what are they?

A

Clients name, DOB

89
Q

What are some Nursing Dx for Drug use/Administration?

A

Knowledge deficit, Risk for Injury, Fluid volume Deficit, Acute pain, Noncompliance

90
Q

what is a drug therapy Goal?

A

Use of med to prevent or tx disease process and manifestations

91
Q

What are the client Goals?

A

Receive or take drugs as prescribed, experience relief of S/S, avoid preventable advert drug effects, self administer drug safely and accurately, verbalize essential drug information, keep appointments for monitoring and F/U, use any herbal dietary supplements with caution and report such use to health care provider

92
Q

What are general non drug Nursing Interventions?

A

Promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing/decreasing need for drug therapy, client teachings, Ambulating, positioning, exercising, assisting to cough and deep breathe.

Nursing 135 (8 decks)

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