Pharmacology Flashcards
Reasons for not using drugs
Contraindications
What happens to drugs in the body
Pharmacokinetics
How drugs exert their effects
Pharmacodynamics
How adverse drug reactions manifest themselves
Toxicity
The traditional sources of drugs are
Plants and minerals
The active components of plants that are useful as drugs include:
- alkaloids
- glycosides
- gums
- resins
- oils
Mineral sources of drugs include ______. Such as?
Electrolytes. (Sodium, potassium, and chloride) iron, selenium and others.
Pharmaco
Means drug or medicine
Pharmacology
Study of drugs
Therapy
Treatment of disease
Pharmacotherapy
Treatment of disease with medicines
Kinetics
Scientific study of motion
Pharmacokinetics
Study of DRUG MOTION, includes absorption, blood levels, distribution, metabolism and exertion of drugs)
How drugs are selected
Pharmacotherapeutics
Drugs are selected by three methods. What are they?
- Diagnostic - involves assessment of p history, pe etc.
- Empirical - use or personal experience/ common sense
- Symptomatic - based on symptoms
Explain the regimen:
~route of administration
~total amount to be given (dosage)
~how often drug needs to be given (frequency)
~how long the drug will be given (duration)
Drug who’s legend statement reads: caution: federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by order of a vet
Prescription drug
Use of a drug in a way not specified by the label
Extra label use
Drugs that have the potential for abuse or dependency
Controlled substance
Is the complex sequence of events that occurs after a drug us administered to a patient.
Pharmacokinetics
Drugs given by injection are called what?
Parenteral
What are the primary factors that influence blood concentration levels of a drug and a patients response to it
- rate of drug absorbed
- amount of drug absorbed
- distribution of drug throughout body
- drug metabolism or biotransformation
- rate and route of excretion
The degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the general circulation is called
Bioavailability
What are the three common methods that drugs pass across cellular membranes (3 ways drugs are absorbed)
- Passive transport
- Active transport
- Pinocytosis
Reasons for using drugs
Indications
Process by which a drug is carried from its site of absorption to its site of action
Drug absorption
List some factors affecting absorption:
Mechanism PH and ionization state of drug Blood supply to area Solubility of drug Dosage form Status of GI tract
Describe the sequence that occur from the time a drug is absorbed until it is eliminated from the body
Absorption > plasma > interstitial fluid > cellular distribution to tissues> back to the interstitial fluid > back to the plasma > absorption > metabolism > excretion
Another word for bio transformation is
Metabolism
Changing the drug chemically from administered form to form that the body can eliminate.
Biotransformation or metabolism
What are the 4 hepatic processes
Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Conjugation
Loss of electrons
Oxidation
Gain of electrons
Reduction
Splitting of drug molecule
Hydrolysis
Addition of glucuronic acid to improve drug solubility
Conjugation
What are some factors altering biotransformation or metabolism
Species, age, nutritional status, tissue storage, health status
The liver excretes drugs by incorporating them into _____ which is eliminated into the ____________
Bile
Small intestine
Acts as a sieve to filter drug molecules
Glomerular filtration (in renal corpuscle)
Reabsorption of the drug- taking the drug out of the filtrate and putting it back into circulation
Tubular secretion
Quantities of drugs remaining in then tissues when they are consumed
Residues
Study of the mechanism by which drugs produce physiological changes in the body ( enhance or depress physiologic activity)
Pharmacodynamics
The tendency of a drug to combine with a receptor is called
Affinity
The ____ of a drug represents the degree to which a drug produces it’s desired response in a patient.
Efficacy
A drug with a high level of affinity and efficacy causes a specific action and is called an
Agonist
A drug that blocks another drug from combining with a receptor is an
Antagonist
The relationship between a drugs ability to achieve the desired effect and it’s tendency to produce toxic effects.
Therapeutic index
An altered pharmacological response to a drug that is caused by the process of a second drug is called
Drug interaction
Drug interactions can be classified as
Pharmacokinetic
Pharmacodynamic
Pharmaceutic
A __________ interaction is one in which plasma or tissue levels of a drug are altered by the presence of another.
Pharmacokinetic.
Note: this alteration may be due to changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the other drug.
A _______ interaction is one in which the action or effect of one drug is altered by another.
Pharmacodynamic
A _________ interaction occurs when physical or chemical reactions take place as a result of mixing of drugs in a syringe or other container.
Pharmaceutic
Regulates development and approval of animal drugs and feed additives through CVM ( center for veterinary medicine)
FDA
Regulates development and approval of animal topical pesticides.
EPA
What does EPA stand for
Environmental protection agency
Regulates the development and approval of biologicals
USDA
What’s does USDA stand for
United States department of agriculture
Residue avoidance information and education.
FARAD
What does FARAD stand for
The food animal residue avoidance databank
The FDA’s __________ ensures that approved veterinary medicine will not harm animals
CVM (center for veterinary medicine)
What does AMDUCA stand for
Animal medicinal drug use clarification act
This legislation legalized extra label use of approved veterinary drugs
AMDUCA
Schedule __ drug; drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. These are the most dangerous drugs of all the drug schedules w/ potentially severe physiological dependence.
Schedule l
Schedule ___ drugs; drugs with a high potential for abuse, less as use potential that schedule 1, w/ potentially leading to severe physiological dependence. These drugs are also considered dangerous.
Schedule ll
Schedule ___ drugs; drugs with moderate to low potential for physiological dependence.
Schedule lll
Schedule ___ drugs; drugs with low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence.
Schedule lv (4)
Schedule ___ drugs; drugs with lower potential for abuse and consists of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics. These drugs are generally used for antidiarrheal and analgesic purposes.
Schedule v (5)
A _____ tablet has indentions that have been made into its surface, allowing it to be broken into halves or quarters.
Scored
A ________ tablet may be cut into small sizes with the use of a pill cutter.
Unscored
_______ are containers that house medications. The contents may be in powder or liquid form.
Capsules
Liquid preparations for oral administration may be purchased in different forms. Name three
- Suspension
- Elixirs
- Emulsions
A ______ separated after long periods of shelf life and must be shaken well before use so that a uniform dose is provided.
Suspension
______ contains the drug and a flavoring in a concentrated solution of sugar water or other aqueous liquids.
Syrups
______ usually consist of a hydroalcoholic liquid that contains sweeteners, flavoring and a medicinal agent.
Elixirs
_________ consist of oily substances dispersed in an aqueous medium with an additive that stabilizes the mixture.
Emulsions
Hormones on hard sterile pallets
Implants
Two types or topical forms
- liniments
- ointment
______ are medicinal preparations for use on the skin as a counter irritant or to relieve pain.
Liniments
An ______ is a semisolid preparation of oil and water, plus a medicinal agent.
Ointment
Drug form that stabilizes substances commonly considered unstable. Also may be used for drugs intended to be released slowly over a period of time (pro heart injection)
Microencapsulation
Name the five rights when administering a drug
Right patient Right drug Right dose Right route Right time and frequency
What are the three layers of the skin?
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Hypodermis/ subcutaneous fat
Name three functions of the skin
- Provides barrier from environment
- Sensation of heat cold, pain, touch, pressure, & other sensations
- Aids in regulating body temperature.
What is the process whereby there is an excessive turnover rate of the cells (shedding of cells) resulting in excessive dandruff or scale
Desquamation
Increase scaling of the skin
Seborrhea
When a hair follicle becomes plugged with sebaceous secretions and keratin
Comedo (blackhead)
An agent that promotes loosening or separation of the horny layer of the epidermis.
Keratolytic
An agent that promotes normalization of the development of keratin
Keratoplastic
Any skin dz characterized by the presence or formation of pus
Pyoderma
Itching
Pruritus
Redness of the skin caused by congestion of the capillaries
Erythema
Name 5 Antiseborrheic drugs (keratolytics and keratoplastics)
Sulfur Salicylic acid Coal tar benzoyl peroxide Selenium sulfide
Used to treat seborrhea, has soothing effect and relieves itchiness. It is a keratolytic, keratoplastic, antipruitic, & antiseborrheic drug that comes in shampoos and ointments (May cause drying, itching or irritation)
Sulfur
Used to treat seborrheic disorders. Has some antipruritic, antibacterial, keratoplastic and keratolytic actions. (It is nonirritating and safe for cats)
Salicylic acid
Used in treating seborrhea oleosa. ( can be irritating, may stain light colors hair coats, it’s a keratolytic keratoplastic and you can NOT USE on cats)
Coal tar
Used in cases involving oily skin, pyodermas, generalized demodicosis, and schnauzer Comedo syndrome. It is a keratolytic keratoplastic has some anti microbial actions too. Follicular flushing and degreasing. (May stain and bleach fabric)
Benzoyl peroxide
Keratoplastic and keratolytic, degreasing oiliness, used to treat seborrheic disorders and malassezia. Anti fungal too. (Do NOT USE of cats, can discolor jewelry and stain hair coats)
Selenium sulfide.
These two topical medications mixed with water are used when giving baths or used topically as a compress.
Aluminum acetate
Magnesium sulfate
Name three bath oils that are used to manage s.sicca by normalizing the keratinization; dry skin and hair coat
Sodium lactate
Lanolin
Mineral oil
This is a noncorticosteroid, a topical antipruritic and antiinflammatory that is also known as burrows solution. It is also an astringent agent that treats superficial skin problems. Can help acute dermatitis.
Aluminum acetate
Name two nonsteroidal antipruritics. These topicals bring temp relief from itching.
Colloidal oatmeal
Pramoxine HCL