Pharmacology Flashcards
Reasons for not using drugs
Contraindications
What happens to drugs in the body
Pharmacokinetics
How drugs exert their effects
Pharmacodynamics
How adverse drug reactions manifest themselves
Toxicity
The traditional sources of drugs are
Plants and minerals
The active components of plants that are useful as drugs include:
- alkaloids
- glycosides
- gums
- resins
- oils
Mineral sources of drugs include ______. Such as?
Electrolytes. (Sodium, potassium, and chloride) iron, selenium and others.
Pharmaco
Means drug or medicine
Pharmacology
Study of drugs
Therapy
Treatment of disease
Pharmacotherapy
Treatment of disease with medicines
Kinetics
Scientific study of motion
Pharmacokinetics
Study of DRUG MOTION, includes absorption, blood levels, distribution, metabolism and exertion of drugs)
How drugs are selected
Pharmacotherapeutics
Drugs are selected by three methods. What are they?
- Diagnostic - involves assessment of p history, pe etc.
- Empirical - use or personal experience/ common sense
- Symptomatic - based on symptoms
Explain the regimen:
~route of administration
~total amount to be given (dosage)
~how often drug needs to be given (frequency)
~how long the drug will be given (duration)
Drug who’s legend statement reads: caution: federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by order of a vet
Prescription drug
Use of a drug in a way not specified by the label
Extra label use
Drugs that have the potential for abuse or dependency
Controlled substance
Is the complex sequence of events that occurs after a drug us administered to a patient.
Pharmacokinetics
Drugs given by injection are called what?
Parenteral
What are the primary factors that influence blood concentration levels of a drug and a patients response to it
- rate of drug absorbed
- amount of drug absorbed
- distribution of drug throughout body
- drug metabolism or biotransformation
- rate and route of excretion
The degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the general circulation is called
Bioavailability
What are the three common methods that drugs pass across cellular membranes (3 ways drugs are absorbed)
- Passive transport
- Active transport
- Pinocytosis
Reasons for using drugs
Indications
Process by which a drug is carried from its site of absorption to its site of action
Drug absorption
List some factors affecting absorption:
Mechanism PH and ionization state of drug Blood supply to area Solubility of drug Dosage form Status of GI tract
Describe the sequence that occur from the time a drug is absorbed until it is eliminated from the body
Absorption > plasma > interstitial fluid > cellular distribution to tissues> back to the interstitial fluid > back to the plasma > absorption > metabolism > excretion
Another word for bio transformation is
Metabolism
Changing the drug chemically from administered form to form that the body can eliminate.
Biotransformation or metabolism
What are the 4 hepatic processes
Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Conjugation
Loss of electrons
Oxidation
Gain of electrons
Reduction
Splitting of drug molecule
Hydrolysis
Addition of glucuronic acid to improve drug solubility
Conjugation
What are some factors altering biotransformation or metabolism
Species, age, nutritional status, tissue storage, health status
The liver excretes drugs by incorporating them into _____ which is eliminated into the ____________
Bile
Small intestine
Acts as a sieve to filter drug molecules
Glomerular filtration (in renal corpuscle)
Reabsorption of the drug- taking the drug out of the filtrate and putting it back into circulation
Tubular secretion
Quantities of drugs remaining in then tissues when they are consumed
Residues
Study of the mechanism by which drugs produce physiological changes in the body ( enhance or depress physiologic activity)
Pharmacodynamics
The tendency of a drug to combine with a receptor is called
Affinity
The ____ of a drug represents the degree to which a drug produces it’s desired response in a patient.
Efficacy
A drug with a high level of affinity and efficacy causes a specific action and is called an
Agonist
A drug that blocks another drug from combining with a receptor is an
Antagonist
The relationship between a drugs ability to achieve the desired effect and it’s tendency to produce toxic effects.
Therapeutic index
An altered pharmacological response to a drug that is caused by the process of a second drug is called
Drug interaction
Drug interactions can be classified as
Pharmacokinetic
Pharmacodynamic
Pharmaceutic
A __________ interaction is one in which plasma or tissue levels of a drug are altered by the presence of another.
Pharmacokinetic.
Note: this alteration may be due to changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the other drug.
A _______ interaction is one in which the action or effect of one drug is altered by another.
Pharmacodynamic
A _________ interaction occurs when physical or chemical reactions take place as a result of mixing of drugs in a syringe or other container.
Pharmaceutic
Regulates development and approval of animal drugs and feed additives through CVM ( center for veterinary medicine)
FDA
Regulates development and approval of animal topical pesticides.
EPA
What does EPA stand for
Environmental protection agency
Regulates the development and approval of biologicals
USDA
What’s does USDA stand for
United States department of agriculture
Residue avoidance information and education.
FARAD
What does FARAD stand for
The food animal residue avoidance databank
The FDA’s __________ ensures that approved veterinary medicine will not harm animals
CVM (center for veterinary medicine)
What does AMDUCA stand for
Animal medicinal drug use clarification act
This legislation legalized extra label use of approved veterinary drugs
AMDUCA
Schedule __ drug; drugs with no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. These are the most dangerous drugs of all the drug schedules w/ potentially severe physiological dependence.
Schedule l
Schedule ___ drugs; drugs with a high potential for abuse, less as use potential that schedule 1, w/ potentially leading to severe physiological dependence. These drugs are also considered dangerous.
Schedule ll
Schedule ___ drugs; drugs with moderate to low potential for physiological dependence.
Schedule lll
Schedule ___ drugs; drugs with low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence.
Schedule lv (4)
Schedule ___ drugs; drugs with lower potential for abuse and consists of preparations containing limited quantities of certain narcotics. These drugs are generally used for antidiarrheal and analgesic purposes.
Schedule v (5)
A _____ tablet has indentions that have been made into its surface, allowing it to be broken into halves or quarters.
Scored
A ________ tablet may be cut into small sizes with the use of a pill cutter.
Unscored
_______ are containers that house medications. The contents may be in powder or liquid form.
Capsules
Liquid preparations for oral administration may be purchased in different forms. Name three
- Suspension
- Elixirs
- Emulsions
A ______ separated after long periods of shelf life and must be shaken well before use so that a uniform dose is provided.
Suspension
______ contains the drug and a flavoring in a concentrated solution of sugar water or other aqueous liquids.
Syrups
______ usually consist of a hydroalcoholic liquid that contains sweeteners, flavoring and a medicinal agent.
Elixirs
_________ consist of oily substances dispersed in an aqueous medium with an additive that stabilizes the mixture.
Emulsions
Hormones on hard sterile pallets
Implants
Two types or topical forms
- liniments
- ointment
______ are medicinal preparations for use on the skin as a counter irritant or to relieve pain.
Liniments
An ______ is a semisolid preparation of oil and water, plus a medicinal agent.
Ointment
Drug form that stabilizes substances commonly considered unstable. Also may be used for drugs intended to be released slowly over a period of time (pro heart injection)
Microencapsulation
Name the five rights when administering a drug
Right patient Right drug Right dose Right route Right time and frequency
What are the three layers of the skin?
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Hypodermis/ subcutaneous fat
Name three functions of the skin
- Provides barrier from environment
- Sensation of heat cold, pain, touch, pressure, & other sensations
- Aids in regulating body temperature.
What is the process whereby there is an excessive turnover rate of the cells (shedding of cells) resulting in excessive dandruff or scale
Desquamation
Increase scaling of the skin
Seborrhea
When a hair follicle becomes plugged with sebaceous secretions and keratin
Comedo (blackhead)
An agent that promotes loosening or separation of the horny layer of the epidermis.
Keratolytic
An agent that promotes normalization of the development of keratin
Keratoplastic
Any skin dz characterized by the presence or formation of pus
Pyoderma
Itching
Pruritus
Redness of the skin caused by congestion of the capillaries
Erythema
Name 5 Antiseborrheic drugs (keratolytics and keratoplastics)
Sulfur Salicylic acid Coal tar benzoyl peroxide Selenium sulfide
Used to treat seborrhea, has soothing effect and relieves itchiness. It is a keratolytic, keratoplastic, antipruitic, & antiseborrheic drug that comes in shampoos and ointments (May cause drying, itching or irritation)
Sulfur
Used to treat seborrheic disorders. Has some antipruritic, antibacterial, keratoplastic and keratolytic actions. (It is nonirritating and safe for cats)
Salicylic acid
Used in treating seborrhea oleosa. ( can be irritating, may stain light colors hair coats, it’s a keratolytic keratoplastic and you can NOT USE on cats)
Coal tar
Used in cases involving oily skin, pyodermas, generalized demodicosis, and schnauzer Comedo syndrome. It is a keratolytic keratoplastic has some anti microbial actions too. Follicular flushing and degreasing. (May stain and bleach fabric)
Benzoyl peroxide
Keratoplastic and keratolytic, degreasing oiliness, used to treat seborrheic disorders and malassezia. Anti fungal too. (Do NOT USE of cats, can discolor jewelry and stain hair coats)
Selenium sulfide.
These two topical medications mixed with water are used when giving baths or used topically as a compress.
Aluminum acetate
Magnesium sulfate
Name three bath oils that are used to manage s.sicca by normalizing the keratinization; dry skin and hair coat
Sodium lactate
Lanolin
Mineral oil
This is a noncorticosteroid, a topical antipruritic and antiinflammatory that is also known as burrows solution. It is also an astringent agent that treats superficial skin problems. Can help acute dermatitis.
Aluminum acetate
Name two nonsteroidal antipruritics. These topicals bring temp relief from itching.
Colloidal oatmeal
Pramoxine HCL
Name 4 topical corticosteroids that relief from itching, burning and inflammation. (Treatment of inflammation and pruritus associated with moist dermatitis (hot spots)
Hydrocortisone
Triamcinolone
Flucinolone
Betamethasone
Name 6 antiseptics
Alcohols
Propylene glycol
Chlorhexidine (binds to keratin of skin)
Acetic acid (effect against superficial pseudomonas)
Iodine (req. contact time)
Benzalkonium chloride (anti fungal, antibacterial)
What two antiseborrheic drugs are you not suppose to use on cats
Coal tar
Selenium sulfide
Condition characterized by scaling and excess lipid production that forms brownish yellow clumps, which adhere to the hair and skin
Seborrhea oleosa
Dry skin, & white to grey scales that do not adhere to the hair or skin.
Seborrhea sicca
Two living organisms of different species living together.
Symbiosis
What are the 5 types of symbiosis
- predator
- phoresis
- mutualism
- commensalism
- parasitism
Type of symbiosis. Means to hunt and capture
Predator. Prey.
Type of symbiosis. Means to carry from one place to another.
Phoresis
Type of symbiosis. Means both gain from each other.
Mutualism
Type of symbiosis. Means one benefits but the other is not harmed
Commensalism
Type is symbiosis. Means one lives at the expense of the other.
Parasitism
Parasites living on the inside of an animals body are known as
Endoparasites
Parasites living on the outside of an animals body are known as
Ectoparasites
An animal with ectoparasites is said to be
Infested
An animal with endoparasites is said to be
Infected
Name some examples of endoparasites
Hooks round worms liver flukes heartworm
Name some examples of ectoparasites
Fleas ticks mites
Helminths are divided into what two major groups
Nematode
Platyhelminths
_____ are cylindrical, nonsegmented worms commonly called roundworms. ( hooks)
Nematodes
_____ are flattened worms that are subdivided into two groups:
- Cestodes (tapeworms)
- Trematodes (flukes)
Platyhelminths
__________ kill intestinal parasites
Antihelmintic
Name the three antihelmintics
Antinematodals
Anticestodals
Antitrematodals
_________ interfere with the worms energy level on a cellular basis. Work by interfering with energy metabolism of the worm.
Benzimidazoles (antinematodal)
Name some dosage forms of benzimidazoles (antinematodal)
Oxibendazole
Fenbendazole
Albendazole
________ consist of a group of insecticides that inactivate acetylcholinesterase. Without this enzyme, parasites are unable to move because these chemicals stop nerve transmission. Causes parasite to become paralyzed. Inhibit cholinesterase activity. Are neurotoxic to parasites.
Organophosphates
Name some dosage forms of Organophosphates
Dichlorvos (task, atgard)
Coumaphos (baymix, dairy de wormer BX crumbles)
_________ mimic the action of ACh and cause paralysis of the worm. Effective against ascarids, pinworms, strongyles, and hookworms.
Tetrahydropyrimidines
Name some dosage forms of tetrahydropyrimidines
Pyrantel pamoate
Pyrantel tartrate
_______ works by stimulating the Nematodes cholinergic nervous system, leading to paralysis of the parasite (therefore, not ovicidal) effective against ascarids, strongyles, whioworms, and hookworms
Imidazothiazoles
Name a dosage form of imidazothiazoles
Febantel
Levamisole
________ bind to certain chloride channels in the parasite nerve and muscle cell, causing paralysis and death of the parasite. Used for heartworm prevention.
Avermectins
The representative of the the Avermectins group is _______
Ivermectin
Name some dosage forms of ivermectin (Avermectins)
Heartgard
Heartgard plus
_______ Works by increasing the cestodes cell membrane permeability (this disintegrates the worms outer tissue covering) works on all cestode species (also used to eliminate fleas)
Praziquantel/ Pyrantel pamoate/ febantel
_____ caused disintegration of the cestode. Effective against Taenia and dipylidium but not Echinococcus
Epsiprantel
Name a dosage form of epsiprantel
Cestex
Which drug form that is listed under the benzimidazoles category is effective against Taenia species - tapeworm - and that is also considered an anticestodal
Fenbendazole
_____ works by inhibiting the Trematodes enzyme systems for energy production. Effective against Fasciola hepatica
Clorsulon
______ interferes with the energy metabolism of the worm. Also effective against some Nematodes.
Albendazole
_______ is a protozoal infection that causes intestinal disorders
Coccidiosis
Anticoccidial drugs are ________ (do not actually kill the parasite, so hygiene is crucial)
Coccidiostats
Name me an antiprotozoal/coccidial drug. This drug reduces the number of oocysts shed, thus reducing spread of dz
Sulfadimethoxine
Name me three antiprotozoal drugs that treat for giardia
Metronidazole
Albendazole
Fenbendazole
Blood protozoan ________ is transmitted by ticks
Babesia sp.
_____ has cholinergic effects on the protozoan. It is a tick prevention.
Imidocarb
_______ is effective in treating dogs with Babesia gibsoni infections. When used in combination with ________, it can be used to treat cytauxzonosis in cats.
Atovaquone
Azithromycin
In pertains to heartworm treatment; __________ is an aresenic compound administered by deep IM injection in the lumbar region (epaxial muscles). Side effect include nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxic it’s.
Melarsomine
name me four heartworm preventatives. (Not the dosage forms)
Moxidectin
Ivermectin
Milbemycin
Selamectin
Give me two dosage forms for Moxidectin
Pro heart
Advantage multi
Give me a dosage form for ivermectin
Heartgard
Give me a dosage form of milbemycin
Interceptor
Sentinel
Give me a dosage for of Selamectin
Revolution
______ is a topical solution that provides flea and tick control. The product collects in the oils of the skin and hair follicles. Kills newly emerged adult fleas and all stages of ticks.
Fipronil
Give me a dosage form of fipronil
Frontline
_______ is a topical solution that provides flea control and kills newly emerged adult fleas.
Imidacloprid
Name a dosage form for imidacloprid
Advantage
This is used in combination with imidacloprid and is used to treat ticks and fleas and to repel Mosquitos.
Permethrin
Give me a dosage form of permethrin and imidacloprid together
K9 advantix
______ is a monthly flea control administered orally. It’s absorbed into fatty tissue and slowly released into the bloodstream. This controls fleas by preventing the development of chitin, the substance that makes up the fleas exoskeleton.
Lufenuron
Name two dosage forms of lufenuron
Program
Sentinel
_____ can be used on cats 8 weeks or older. It is a topical spot on product that prevents flea infestation for up to 6 weeks. It attacks the fleas nervous system by blocking neuronal sodium channels, resulting in paralysis of and death of the flea.
Metaflumizone
Name me a dosage form of metaflumizone
ProMeris
____________ is a combination product that can be given to puppies 8 weeks or older for prevention of flea infestation for up to 6 weeks and tick infestation for 4. It disrupts the ticks normal nerve function, leading to reduced feeding and attachment, paralysis and death. It’s a topical product.
Metaflumizone/ Amitraz
Give me a dosage form for metaflumizone/Amitraz
ProMeris Duo
_______ is a topical solution that provides flea and tick control. Migration of this drug occurs on the skin surface. It controls fleas, deer ticks, and brown dog ticks for up to 4 weeks and American dog ticks for 3. (Do not use on cats)
Permethrin
Give me a dosage form for permethrin
Defend ExSpot insecticide for dogs
______ is a topical solution applied monthly that prevents flea infestation in dogs and cats. Kills adult fleas, prevents flea eggs from hatching, and is a HW preventative. Also treatment for ear mite Infestation in dogs and cats and treatment of hookworm and roundworm infections in cats.
Selamectin
Name me a dosage form for Selamectin
Revolution.
______ monthly tablet for prevention of flea infestation. Can be used in dogs 14 weeks or older.
Spinosad
Name me a dosage for of spinosad
Comfortis
Name me four categories of insecticides
Pyrethrins
Organophosphates
Formamidines
Nitenpyram
What drug is both, ectoparasitic and endoparasitic
Organophosphates
The nervous system functions in harmony with what other system?
The endocrine system
What is the basic unit of the nervous system
Neuron
What are the three functions of the nervous system
- Sensory
- Integrative (analysis)
- Motor (action)
The nervous system exerts control over the _________ through the influence of the ______ on the _________
Endocrine system, hypothalamus (brain), pituitary gland
The nervous system has two main divisions. What are they ?
The central nervous system (CNS)
The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The CNS is composed of the _____ and _____
Brain and spinal cord
What serves as the control center of the entire nervous system? (All information must be processed here before actions are rendered
The central nervous system - CNS
The nerve process that connects the CNS with the various glands, muscles and receptors in the body make up the _________
Peripheral nervous system PNS
The peripheral nervous system is divided into what two portions
Afferent
Efferent
_______ is composed of nerve cells that carry information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the CNS
Afferent
_______ are nerve cells that carry impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands.
Efferent
Carries impulses toward the CNS
Sensory (afferent)
Carries impulses away from the CNS
Motor (efferent)
The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into what two other systems
The autonomic nervous system
The somatic nervous system
The ________ is made of ______ nerves that carry impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle tissue.
The somatic nervous system
Efferent
This system is under voluntary or conscious control. Has 1 neuron that carries impulses to target structure.
Somatic nervous system.
The ______ consists of ______ nerve cells that carry information from the CNS to cardiac muscles, glands and smooth muscles.
Autonomic nervous system. ANS
Efferent
This system is under involuntary or unconscious control (automatically) and has 2 neurons that carry impulses to target structures.
Autonomic nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has two subdivisions. What are they?
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Regulates energy expending activities
Sympathetic nervous system
Regulates energy conversing activities. (Rest, conserve energy)
Parasympathetic nervous system
What are the tree parts of the neuron
Cell body
Dendrite
Axon
____ carry electric like messages away from the nerve cell.
Axons
______ carry electric like messages toward the nerve cell
Dendrites
This system controls unconscious body activities. It innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, salivary glands, and other viscera. It operates automatically and involuntary to control visceral functions such as GI motility, rate and force of heartbeat, secretions of glands and size of pupils.
Autonomic nervous system. ANS
Cholinergic
Parasympathetic
Adrenergic
Sympathetic
_______ regulates energy expending activities (fight or flight)
Sympathetic (adrenergic)
______ regulates energy conserving activities
Parasympathetic (cholinergic)
An action or receptor that is activated by acetylcholine (slows down, inhibits action)
Cholinergic (parasympathetic)
Describes an action or a receptor that is activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine
Adrenergic (sympathetic)
________ are the brain chemicals that communicate info throughout our brain & body. They relay signals between nerve cells, called “neurons”. The brain uses this to tell your heart to beat, your lungs to breathe, and your stomach to digest.
Neurotransmitters
What are the two kinds of Neurotransmitters
Inhibitory
Excitatory
_________ Neurotransmitters are what stimulate the brain
Excitatory
_______ Neurotransmitters are those that calm the brain and help create balance
Inhibitory
Neurotransmitter substances include
Acetylcholine Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin GABA
What are the inhibitory Neurotransmitters
Serotonin
GABA
Dopamine
What are the excitatory Neurotransmitters
Dopamine Norepinephrine Epinephrine ********************************** Acetylcholine Glutamate
This is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It does not stimulate the brain. Adequate amounts are necessary for a stable mood. It also regulates many other processes such as carbohydrate cravings, sleep cycle, pain control and appropriate digestion, and regulating body temp. Low levels of this are associated with decreased immune system function.
Serotonin.
An inhibitory neurotransmitter. Contributes to motor control, vision, and many other cortical functions. It also regulates anxiety. When this neurotransmitter is out of range, it’s likely that an excitatory neurotransmitter is firing too often in the brain. So this will be sent out to attempt to balance the stimulating over firing.
GABA (gamma - aminobyturic acid)
This is a special neurotransmitter that is considered to be both excitatory and inhibitory. It helps with depression as well as focus, it is involved in controlling movement and posture. It also modulates mood and plays a central role in positive reinforcement and dependency. When it is elevated or low, we can have focus issues. It’s also responsible for our motivation. Stimulants and caffeine cause this to be pushed into the synapse so that focus is improved.
Dopamine.
This is an excitatory neurotransmitter. It is responsible for stimulatory process in the body. This can cause anxiety at elevated levels, low levels of this are associated with low energy, decreased focus ability and sleep cycle problems. Acts to regulate regular physiologic activity rather than being released in response to stress. It’s a neurotransmitter that’s important for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming and learning.
Norepinephrine
This is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is reflective of stress. Will often be elevated when ADHD like symptoms are present. Long term stress or insomnia can cause this levels to be low. It also regulates heart rate and blood pressure. It’s a catechu laminae hormone of the adrenal medulla that is the most potent stimulant of the SNS. Resulting in increase heart rate and force of contraction, vasoconstriction, relaxation of bronchioles and intestinal smooth muscle.
Epinephrine.
Excitatory neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction and stimulates the excretion of certain hormones in the CNS. It’s involved in wakefulness, attentiveness, anger, aggression sexuality and thirst.
Acetylcholine.
Major excitatory neurotransmitter that’s associated with learning and memory.
Glutamate
The cell body of the first neuron arises in the CNS - __________ for the sympathetic nervous system and in the ________ for the parasympathetic nervous system.
Thoracolumbar cord
Craniosacral cord
The most basic impulse conduction system through the nervous system is _______. Composed of receptor sensory a center for synapsids a motor neuron and an effective muscle.
Reflex arc
Pertaining to the ANS- the axon of the first neuron leaves the _____ and travels to a ______, where it synapses with dendrites of the second neuron. The second neuron then travels to ______
CNS
ganglion
Target structure
Nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the autonomic nervous system.
Ganglion
Pertaining to the ANS - axons of the first neuron are called _____ and those of the second are called _______
Preganglionic
Postganglionic
Pertaining to the ANS - Preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system are _____. And postganglionic are _____
Short
Long
Pertaining to the ANS - Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system are _____ and postganglionic are _______
Long
Short
Pertaining to the SNS - T/F the preganglionic fibers end adjacent to the spinal cord
True
The sympathetic NS release what two Neurotransmitters directly into the bloodstream
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system include
Increase is HR & RR Decrease GI activity Pupil dilation Constricts blood vessels to smooth m Dilation of blood vessels to skeletal m Dilation of bronchioles Increase blood glucose levels
Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system
Decrease HR & RR
Increase in GI activity
Constriction of the pupils
Constriction of the bronchioles
What are the receptors of the sympathetic nervous system
Alpha 1 Alpha 2 Beta 1 Beta 2 Dopaminergic
Alpha receptors are _______ and bets receptors are _______
Stimulatory
Inhibitory
Which receptor pertains to smooth muscles of blood vessels. Constriction of arterioles to increase blood pressure. Increases force of heart contraction also.
Alpha 1
Which receptor pertains to postganglionic nerve endings, inhibit action of norepinephrine release, decreases BP and constriction of skeletal muscle
Alpha 2
This receptor pertains to the heart. It increases HR, and force of heart constriction
Beta 1
This receptor pertains to smooth muscles of lung. Bronchodialation and vasodilation of skeletal. Relaxes GIT
Beta 2
This receptor pertains to renal, mesenteric and cerebral. Dilation of coronary, renal and mesenteric blood vessels.
Dopaminergic
What are the receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
A _________ is determined by the _____________ in the effector organ and drugs ______________ for the receptor
Drugs effect
Number of receptors
Specificity
The primary Neurotransmitters for adrenergic (sympathetic) are
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
And dopamine
The Neurotransmitter for cholinergic (parasympathetic) is
Acetylcholine
Epinephrine equally stimulates ___ and ____ receptors and is therefore a potent stimulator of the heart and an equally powerful dilator of the bronchioles.
Alpha
Beta
Acetylcholine combines with what two receptors
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
Cholinergic sits are found where
In both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Where are nicotinic receptors found
On all autonomic ganglia in the adrenal medulla.
At the neuromuscular junction of the somatic NS
Where are muscarinic receptors found
At the synapse of postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system and at a few of the sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
______________ are drugs that stimulate receptor sites mediated by acetylcholine. They mimic the action of acetylcholine (________) or by inhibiting its breakdown(________)
Cholinergic agents
Direct- acting
Indirect - acting
Cholinergic agents are also called what
Parasympathomimetic
Acetylcholine is broken down by
Acetylcholinesterase
Name me three direct acting cholinergics
Bethanechol
Pilocarpine
Metoclopramide
_______________ are drugs that block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Cholinergic blocking agents (anticholinergics)
Name me four anticholinergic drugs
Atropine
Methscopolamine
Glycopyrrolate
Pralidoxime
