Large Animal Diseases Flashcards
Head moves ____ in a horse with forelimb pain
Up
Name some acute signs of pain in a horse
- restlessness
- rigid stance
- head pressing
- dilated pupils
- flared nostrils
- sweating
- increased respiratory rate and pulse rate
Head moves _____ in a horse with hindlimb pain
Down
Name some signs in a horse with abdominal pain (acute pain)
- look, bite or kick abdomen
- get up and lie down frequently
- walking in circles
- sweating
- rolling/ thrashing
This acts as a pump to create the force required to drive the blood up the distal limb against gravity in a horse
Frog
Foals feet and limbs should be trimmed at intervals no greater than ___ weeks. You should also change the hoofs every ____ weeks
6
True or false - hooves grow continuously from the coronary band
True
A condition in a horse in which the front hoof has too much heel left on after trimming. It is unable to expand normally with weight bearing. (Standing narrow)
Contracted feet
What is contracted feet in a horse caused by?
Injury, disuse if the foot, improper trimming and shoeing, leaving shoes on too long or excessive hoof dryness.
This condition in a horses foot may be caused by inadequate circulation, extreme environmental conditions, genetics, frequent bathing, prolonged exposure to mud or bedding that dry out the hoof.
Dry, brittle feet
What can cause hoof wall cracks ?
Most common cause is dry brittle hoof. Also lack of water.
This is a type of bruise-trauma injury that is caused by impact and appears reddish because of the damaged tissues and blood vessels.
Corns
Where are corns found in a horse ?
In the sole at the angle formed by the wall and the bar of the sole. And most frequently occur inside of the front feet.
This is injury to the soft tissue underlying the sole. It involves toe and quarter regions.
Sole bruise
This is an infection in a horse cause by an anaerobic bacterial infection of Fusobacterium Necrophorum. This bacteria is commonly found in normal flora of mouth and large int. when dirt of feces become trapped in the hoof, an environmental for excessive bacterial growth occurs resulting in ______
Thrush
What are some causes if Thrush
Poor hygiene: muddy, dirty stalls, lack of daily hoof care/ cleaning.
Lack of movement: decreased circulation in the hoof is an increase for infection.
Diet: Hugh carb diet.
What are some signs of Thrush
Pungent, foul smell, thick black substance in or around the frog.
This refers to pain of lameness with the navicular bone.
Navicular disease.
This dz is defined as “caudal heel pain”, which can include numerous problems associated with the hoof.
Navicular disease
True or false: navicular disease is gradual and progressive, taking years and multiple X rays to diagnose.
True
This is inflammation of the foot inside the hoof capsule. Inflammation of what attaches the coffin bone to hood wall
Laminitis
What are some symptoms of laminitis
Lameness- usually bilateral, rocking back onto hind legs to decrease weight bearing in forelegs. Shifting leg lameness when standing. Hind limbs may be tucked under body.
What are some causes of laminitis
Toxemia, carbohydrate overload, trauma, systemic infection, cold water ingestion
Navicular dz is commonly seen in ___-____ years
7-14
Laminitis is also known as what
Founder
What is laminitis?
Inflammation of laminae that attach coffin bone to hoof wall.
What are some symptoms of laminitis ?
Lameness - usually bilateral
Rocking back and forth onto hind legs to decrease weight bearing on forelegs
Name some causes of laminitis ?
Toxemia Carbohydrate overload Trauma Systemic infection Cold water ingestion
Treatment for laminitis ?
Corrective shoeing and pain management (NSAIDS)
What is caused by the progressive separation if the hoof wall from the sole of the white line ?
White line disease or “seedy toe”
Pertaining to white line dz, what is the separation caused by
Overgrowth of the hoof
Treatment for white line dz
Remove dz wall allowing air to the affected area
What are the joints involved with angular limb deformities
Carpus
Fetlock
Hock
Angular limb deformities can be either _____ or ______
Congenital or acquired
A congenital limb deformity means
It was due it under developed bones or ligaments
Acquired limb deformities mean
It was due to a multitude if circumstances, all of which cause an unbalance rate of growth (trauma, infection, nutritional imbalances)
What does varus mean?
Refers to a horse which is typically toed-In. It is less common but the fetlock is affected
What does valgus mean?
Refers to a horse typically toed - out. It is most common and is generally found in the carpus.
What is it called when a foal is born prematurely or poorly developed
A carpal collapse or carpal bone hypoplasia
What muscle is involved with a carpal collapse / carpal bone hypoplasia
The flexor tendons
What is a bowed tendon cause by?
When both the deep and superficial tendons are prone to injury because of the forces place by galloping horses.
T/f a bowed tendon is a slow healing process. It takes about 6-12 months to heal.
True
What muscles are injured with a bowed tendon
The deep and superficial tendons. And the mid metacarpal region
T/f septic arthritis is an infection
True
What is the lay term to describe osteitis and periostitis of the splint bones
Splints
Causes if getting splints
Direct trauma
Repeating kicking can also cause swelling
Name some signs of a horse with splints
Swelling over the medial aspect of the MC
Definition of splint
Tearing of interosseus muscle between cannon bone and splint bones
Bucked shins is aka
Metacarpal bone disease
Term for pain and new bone production associated with the dorsomedial aspect of the middle third of MC 3
Bucked shins
What is the most common injury us young horses in high intensity training (2 yo TB’s)
Bucked shins
Fluid filled subcutaneous swelling at the point of the elbow is called what
Hydro a of the elbow/shoe boil
Condition that results in involuntary flexion of one or both hindlimbs. Spastic hyperflexion of hindlimb
Stringhalt
Joint being broken down causing an inflammatory response. It is a common condition in all horse and predominantly affects high motion joints. Most common cause due to joint instability or trauma
Degenerative joint dz
Abnormal growth or articulation of the vertebral bodies resulting in a narrowing of the vertebral canal and focal compression of the spinal cord
Cervical vertebral malformation
T/f Exertional Rhabdomyolysis is a condition
True
Breakdown of muscle fibers that lead to release of muscle fiber contents (myoglobin) into bloodstream.
Rhabdomyolysis
T/f idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia is a condition
True
Dysfunction of left recurrent laryngeal nerve. You get paralysis on the left side of the larynx
Idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia roaring
Rupture of pulmonary vessel during maximal exertion. Overdoing an untrained horse can rupture a pulmonary vessel.
Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
What are the two types of chronic obstructive pulmonary dz
Type 1- immediate
Type 2- Arthus
It’s basically an allergic airway dz
T/f sarcoid is a condition
True
What is a sarcoid ?
Tumors. Neoplasia (rumors if viral origin)
Most common skin tumor. It’s benign and locally invasive. It’s symptoms are masses.
Sarcoids
Multiple rumors on hairless areas.
Melanoma
Pink moist mass in distal limb over previous injury
Proud flesh: exuberant granulation tissue
T/f you can use steroids where there’s an ulcer
False. Where there’s an ulcer, you can’t use steroids.
What is another name for gravel? It’s cause, treatment and prognosis ?
- abscess
- cause: forms from bruising to the sole, frog or heel.
- prognosis: lameness, diagnose until lesion breaks out.
- treatment: by exposing infection and relieving pressure. Soak hoof in epsom salts
What type and age of horses are commonly affected by navicular dz?
Quarter horses, Tb’s, warmbloods, and seen in 7-14 year olds
Name 4 signs of navicular dz
Excessive heel growth
Stiff gate
Stumbling or tripping
Exaggeration of pain going uphill
Name some complications with navicular dz
Neuroma, rupture of deep digital flexor tendon, loss of hoof wall
Name some treatment options for laminitis
Pain management
Improve blood flow
External support
Diet management
How is influenza transmitted
Direct-aerosol
Virus is species specific.
What are some symptoms of influenza
Fever
Depression
Nasal discharge and cough
Muscle soreness
Treatment for influenza
Supportive care
NSAIDs
Rest
Antibiotics
Prevention for influenza
Vaccination
Name some complications of influenza
Cont. stress
Cardiomyopathy
What’s another name for Rhinopneumonitis
Equine herpesvirus 1&4
How is Rhinopneumonitis transmitted
Aerosol direct
What are some signs and symptoms of Rhinopneumonitis
- Respiratory dz. - flu symptoms, fever, loss of appetite, cough, depression
- Neurological dz. weakness, ataxia, paralysis,
- Reproductive dz. - abortopn
Treatment for Rhinopneumonitis
Supportive care NSAIDs Antibiotics Rest Nursing care
Prevention for Rhinopneumonitis
Vaccine
Complications with Rhinopneumonitis
Colic
Pneumonia
How is equine viral arteritis transmitted
Aerosol
Name signs and symptoms of equine viral arteritis
Limb edema
Fever
Abortions
Respiratory symptoms
Treatment for equine arteritis
NSAIDs
Care
Antibiotics
Rest
Prevention for equine viral arteritis
Vaccination and isolation.
Diagnosis for equine viral arteritis
Ongoing outbreaks
Symptoms
Titers
How is strangles transmitted
By the streptococcus equi ,(distemper)
Oral/nasal Mucosa contact bacteria in contaminated surface
Signs and symptoms of strangles
Mandinukar lymph node enlargement
Nasal discharge
Fever
Cough
Diagnosis of strangles
Outbreak in barn
Culture of strep. Equi from nasal passage or discharge
Treatment for strangles
NSAIDs
Penicillin
Drain mature abscess
Prevention for strangles
Vaccine
Manage outbreaks
Sanitation.
Transmission of west nile virus
Mosquito
Reservoir is bird
Signs of West Nile virus
Fever Depression Impaired Vision In coordination Head pressing Death
Treatment for West Nile virus
Care
NSAIDs
Antibiotics
Prevention for West Nile virus
Vaccine
Mosquito control
Don’t let stand In Water
