Pharmacology Flashcards
0
Q
Norepinephrine
A
mostly alpha agonist
1
Q
epinephrine
A
mixed alpha and beta agonist
2
Q
Dopamine
A
DA agonist
3
Q
Dobutamine
A
Beta 1 - inotropic cardioselectivity
4
Q
Isoproterenol
A
Beta agonist
5
Q
Ephedrine
A
acts at adrenoreceptors and increases release of NE
6
Q
Phenylephrine, methoxamine, phenylopropanolamine
A
direct alpha 1
- peripheral vasoconstriction - no cardiac effects»_space;> reflex bradycardia
- sphincter constriction
- mydriatic
7
Q
Terbutaline, salbutamol, clenbuterol, albuterol
A
Beta 2 agonist
-bronchodilation
8
Q
Xylazine, medetomidine
A
alpha 2 agonist
-sedative
9
Q
atipamezole, yohimbine
A
alpha 2 antagonist
10
Q
phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine
A
alpha antagonist
11
Q
prazosin, doxazosin
A
alpha 1 selective antagonist
12
Q
propanolol
A
Beta blocker
13
Q
atenolol, metoprolol
A
Beta 1 antagonists
14
Q
methacholine, carbachol, bethanecol
A
parasympathomimetics - choline esters
15
Q
Methacholine
A
most active at muscarinic receptors
-active at heart»_space; slow HR
16
Q
Carbachol
A
adrenergic like effects - works at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
-used to treat glaucoma, colic, rumen atony
17
Q
Bethanechol
A
muscarinic agonist
- GI stim, contraction of uterine, bronchiolar, and urinary bladder smooth muscle.
- used to treat urinary bladder atony and GI hypomotility
18
Q
Pilocarpine
A
cholinomimetic alkaloid - parasympathomimetic
- ocular drug - causes miosis
- treat glaucoma
19
Q
Pilocarpine Toxicity
A
colic, diarrhea, bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial secretions , hypotension, bradycardia»_space;> death.
20
Q
phyostigmine, neostigmine, endrophonium
A
cholinesterase inhibitor - indirect parasympathomimetic
- REVERSIBLE
- muscarinic effect - increased activity
- nicptinic effect - stim followed by blockage or autonomic ganglia
- stim adrenal medulla
21
Q
organophosphates
A
irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor
-TOXIC
22
Q
Atropine
A
muscarinic antagonist
-tachycardia, increased CO, relax GI muscles and secretion, bronchodilation, mydriasis, urinary retention
23
Q
glycopyrrolate
A
synthetic muscarinic antagonist
-preanesthetic, less tachycardic, decreases GI function
24
tropicamide
synthetic muscarinic antagonist
- ocular
- fewer side effects
25
propantheline, isopropamide
synthetic muscarinic antagonist
| -smooth muscle relaxants
26
phenylephrine
alpha 1 agonist
27
methoxdinine
alpha 1 agonist
28
phenylpropanolamine
alpha 1 agonist
29
medetomide
alpha 2 agonist
30
atipamezole
alpha 2 antagonist
31
phenoxybenzamine
alpha antagonist
32
phentolamine
alpha antagonism
33
propantheline
parasympatholytic - smooth muscle relaxation
34
isopropramide
parasympatholytic - smooth muscle relaxation
35
Timolol
Ocular
| Beta blocker
36
Metipranolol
ocular drug
| beta antagonist
37
carteolol
ocular drug
| beta blocker
38
Levobunolol
ocular drug
| beta blocker
39
Betaxolol
ocular drug
| beta 1 selective blocker
40
Demecarium
ocular drug
| cholinergic agonist
41
Echothiopate
Cholinergic agonist
| ocular drug
42
Dipivefrin
adrenergic agonist
| ocular drug
43
Apraclonidine
ocular drug
| adrenergic agonist
44
Brimonidine
adrenergic agonist
| ocular drug
45
methazolamide
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
| oral
46
dorzolamide
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
| topical
47
Iatanoprost
prostaglandin
48
Acetozolamide
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
| oral
49
Edrophonium
cholinesterase inhibitor
| -used to test for myasthenia gravis
50
Pyridostigmine
Cholinesterase inhibitor
51
Neostigmine
Cholinesterase inhibitor
52
Diphenhydramine
nicotinic cholinergic blocker
53
Barbiturates
GABA-mimetic effects
Chloride channel activation
inhibits release of GABA, NE, Ach, and glutamate
54
Pentobarbital
barbiturate - short acting and slow onset time
55
Methohexital
Barbiturate - ultra short and metabolized more quickly
56
Thiopental
barbiturate - ultra-short
57
Propofol
general anesthetic
| enhances GABA effects
58
Etomidate
general anesthetic
59
Aflaxalone
neurosteroid
| acts on GABA receptors
60
Guaifenesin
Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant. Analgesic, antipyretic, expectorant.
61
Ketamine
dissociative aesthetic
62
tiletamine
dissociative anesthetic
63
phencyclidine
dissociative anesthetic >> prototype for angel dust
64
Morphine
opioid - mu agonist
65
methadone
opioid - mu agonist
66
etorphine
opioid - mu, kappa and delta agonist
67
fentanyl
opioid - mu agonist
68
butorphanol
opioid - partial mu agonist and kappa agonist
69
buprenorphine
opioid - partial mu agonist and kappa antagonist
70
nalbuphine
opioid - mu antagonist and kappa agonist
71
naltrexone
mu, delta, kappa antagonist
72
diprenorphine
mu, delta, and kappa antagonist
73
naloxone
mu, delta, kappa antagonist
74
Tramadol
nontraditional opioid - mu agonist
75
Lidocaine
local anesthetic
76
procaine
local anesthetic
77
potassium bromide
antiepileptic drug - Br ion
78
phenobarbitol
barbiturate
79
Zonisamide
sulfonamide anti-epileptic
80
levetiracetam
barbiturate antiepileptic
81
topiramate
anti-convulsant
- ehance GABA
- enhance Na channel
- blocks AMPA glutamate channels
82
Gapapentin
GABA analogue
| -treats neurogenic pain
83
Acepromazine
Neuroleptic - tranquilizer
84
Chlorpromazine
neuroleptic - tranquilizer
85
Amphetamines
CNS stimulant - stimulate DA release
86
Cocaine
block DA reuptake
87
clomipramine
tricyclics - antidepressants
88
fluoxetine
SSRI - antidepressant
89
Zonisamide
anticonvulsant - Na channel inactivation
90
Levetiracetam
anti-convulsant - blocks presynaptic release by interrupting vesicle binding
91
Topiramate
- glutamate antagonism (AMPA receptor)
- Na channel inactivation
- GABA prolongation
92
Acepromazine, chlorpromazine, azaparone
neuroletpics - major tranquilizer
| block multiple cathecholamine receptors in the brain
93
Droperidol, Haloperidol
neuroleptic - buterophenones - dopamine receptor antagonist
94
Diazepam, clorazepate, alprozolam, midazolam, zolazepam
benzodiazepines - effects GABA channel kinetics
95
Busiprone
antianxiety without muscle relaxation
96
Clomipramine, amitryptiline, imipramine, dozequin
antidepressant - blocks catecholamine reuptake
| clomipramine approved for treatment of separation anxiety
97
Fluoxetine
Prozac - SSRI
98
L-deprenyl
inhibits MAO b >> increases catecholamines
| used to treat senility
99
Apomorphine
emetic
| -dopamine agonist
100
FONS
```
Acute HF therapy
F- furosemide
O - oxygen
N - nitroglycerin
S - sedation
```
101
Nitroglycerin
NO precursor
MOA: vascular smooth muscle relaxation
venodilation and increases systemic venous capacitance
102
Nitroprusside
NO precursor
103
Pimobendan
pos inotrope - Ca sensitizer
PDEIII inhibitor - vasodilator
increases cAMP
104
Digoxin
pos inotrope
inhibites Na/K ATPase >>more intracellular Ca
"resets" the baroreceptors
neg chronotrope - slow HR
neg dromotrope - slow conduction through AV
105
Class I drugs
Na Channel blockers
106
Class Ia
inhibits fast Na channels
Quinidine, procanimide
depress phase 0
prolongs refractory period
107
Class Ib
```
inhibits fast Na channels
lidocaine, mexillitine
decrease phase 0
shorten refractory period
binds inactivated channels
```
108
Class Ic
inhibit fast Na channels
Flecainide, propafenone
decrease phase 0 and conduction velocity
109
Class II
beta blockers
| negative inotrope
110
Class III
potassium channel blockers
| inhibit K efflux - prolong action potential duration
111
anti-arrhythmics for SVTs
Beta Blockers
Ca channel blockers
Digoxin
112
Class IV
inhibit L type Ca channels, reduce Ca influx
neg chronotrope
neg inotrope
114
VTac acute treatment
Lidocaine
2mg/kg dog
.25mg/kg cat
114
Procainimide
Na channel blockers
115
VTac chronic
```
SPAM:
Sotalol - K channel blocker and weak beta blocker
Procainimide - Na channel blocker
Atenolol - beta blocker
Mexilitine - Na channel blocker
```
116
Mecilitine
Na channel blocker
117
Terbutaline
Beta Agonist
| treatment for bradyarrhythmia
118
Theophylline
phosphodiesterase inhibitor
| treatment for bradyarrhythmia
119
propantheline
parasympatholytic - treatment for bradyarrhythmia
120
mechlorethamine
alkylating agent
injectable
MOPP protocol for lymphoma
121
cyclophosphamide
alkylating agent
oral or injectable
requires hepatic metabolism
sterile hemorrhagic cystitis
122
alkylating agents
cell phase non-specific
123
chlorambucil
alkylating agent
alternative to cyclophosphamide
oral - refridgerate
124
melphalan
alkylating agent
| oral - treats multiple myeloma
125
lomustine
```
Nitrosureas
oral
dogs - thrombocytopenia and hepatotoxicity
cat - pulmonary toxicity
mast cell tumors and lymphoma
crosses BBB
```
126
Antimetabolites
S phase specific - subs for purines and pyrimidines
127
Cytosine Arabinoside
antimetabolites
| treat lymphoma
128
5-FU
antimetabolites
neurotoxic to cats
treat carcinomas
129
Methotrexate
antimetabolites
| treat lymphoma
130
gemcitabine - gemzar
antimetabolites
treat carcinomas
thrombocytopenia
retinal hemorrhage has been reported
131
Doxorubicin = Adriamycin
```
antitumor antibiotics
lymphoma, osteosarcoma
vesicant
cardiotoxic to dogs
nephrotoxic to cats
```
132
mitoxantrone
antitumor antibodies
| decreases cardiotox than doxo
133
vinca alkaloids
M phase specific - affects the microtubules
134
vincristine "oncovin"
vinka alkaloid
used for lymphoma
peripheral neuropathy, constipation, increases platelet count, vesicant
135
vinblastine
vinka alkaloid
injectable
used for mast cell tumors
136
vinorelbine
new vinca - lung cancer
137
Etoposide - polysorbate
related to vinca
| hypersensitivity
138
Taxol - cremophor EL
related to vinca
| hypersensitivity
139
L-asparaginase
G1 specific
hypersensitivity - prior exposure to E. coli
pancreatitis
140
Cisplatin
```
platinum drug
cell cycle nonspecific
good for osteosarcoma
intralesional or intracavitary
Fatal pulmonary edema in cats
nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity in dogs
```
141
Carboplatin - paraplatin
less nephrotoxic
| safe in cats
142
Filgrastim Neupogen
human bone marrow stimulant- hypersensitivity reaction
143
Antimicrobials - Acids
Cephalosporins, penicillins, sufonamides, nitrofurans
144
Antimicrobials - Bases
Macrolides, Aminoglycoside, lincosamides, trimethoprim
145
Amphoteric
tetracyclines, quinolones
146
Neutral
chloramphenicol
147
Gram -
aminoglycosides, polymyxin B, flouroquinolones, some cephalosporins (ceftiofur)
148
Gram +
penicillins, bacitracin, macrolides, nitrofurantoin, some cephalosporins (cephalexin)
149
Broad Spectrum
Carbapenems, Chloramphenicol, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines, some Cephalosporins (Cefoxitin)
150
Cidal Agents
```
Aminoglycosides
Beta-Lactams
Metronidazole
Quinolones
Rifampin
Sulfonamide/dipyrimidine
Vancomycin
```
151
Static Agents
```
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin (can be -cidal)
Lincosamides
Macrolides
Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines
Tylosin
```
152
Tetracyclines
```
inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
avoid admin with Ca
can cause fatal diarrhea in herbivores
discoloration of teeth in puppies
tx for risckettsial disease.
```
153
Florfenicol
synthetic, broad spec derivative of chloramphenicol
| inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
154
aminoglycosides
binds to ribosomes
oxygen dependent transport
aerobic gram - infections
ototoxic, nephtotoxic, neuromuscular blockade
155
macrolides
inhibit protein syn
gram + infections
antagonist to lincosamides
can cause diarrhea in horses
156
lincosamide
inhibit protein syn
can cause diarrhea, cardiodepression, and neuromuscular blockade
gram + anaerobes and mycoplasma
-abscesses and osteomyelitis
157
rifampin
inhibits DNA dept RNA polymerase
in horses for septic lesions
good for gram + anaerobes and some gram - organisms
158
Quinolones
inhibit gyrase mediated DNA supercoiling
especially for gram -, some gram + aerobes
cartilaginous tissues erosions in immature animals
159
sulfonamides
susceptibility - coccidia, chlamydia, toxoplasma, some gram + and some gram -
-CNS, Resp, GI, UTI
160
Dihydrofolate Reductase/ Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitors
Increased efficacy of sulfonamides is used in combination
| avoid use in animals with liver disease or sulfonamide sensitivity
161
Penicillins
-beta-lactam
Inhibit transpeptidation reaction in the formation of bacterial cell walls => only effective on growing cells
-Oral administration to herbivores can cause severe (potentially fatal) diarrhea (espcially in Guinea Pigs)
162
Cephalosporins
Beta Lactam Antibiotic
- Cross-reactivity with penicillins wrt toxicity
- Uses: severe infections, perioperative prophylaxis
163
Cephalosporins generations
1st : primarily gram + (Cefazolin, Cephalothin, Cephalexin)
2nd: gram +, some gram - (Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime, Cefotetan)
3rd: gram -, some gram + (Ceftiofur, Ceftriaxone, Cefixime)
164
Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors
Clavulanic Acid
| Sulbactam
