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Pharmacology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

0
Q

Norepinephrine

A

mostly alpha agonist

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1
Q

epinephrine

A

mixed alpha and beta agonist

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2
Q

Dopamine

A

DA agonist

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3
Q

Dobutamine

A

Beta 1 - inotropic cardioselectivity

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4
Q

Isoproterenol

A

Beta agonist

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5
Q

Ephedrine

A

acts at adrenoreceptors and increases release of NE

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6
Q

Phenylephrine, methoxamine, phenylopropanolamine

A

direct alpha 1

  • peripheral vasoconstriction - no cardiac effects&raquo_space;> reflex bradycardia
  • sphincter constriction
  • mydriatic
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7
Q

Terbutaline, salbutamol, clenbuterol, albuterol

A

Beta 2 agonist

-bronchodilation

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8
Q

Xylazine, medetomidine

A

alpha 2 agonist

-sedative

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9
Q

atipamezole, yohimbine

A

alpha 2 antagonist

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10
Q

phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine

A

alpha antagonist

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11
Q

prazosin, doxazosin

A

alpha 1 selective antagonist

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12
Q

propanolol

A

Beta blocker

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13
Q

atenolol, metoprolol

A

Beta 1 antagonists

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14
Q

methacholine, carbachol, bethanecol

A

parasympathomimetics - choline esters

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15
Q

Methacholine

A

most active at muscarinic receptors

-active at heart&raquo_space; slow HR

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16
Q

Carbachol

A

adrenergic like effects - works at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.
-used to treat glaucoma, colic, rumen atony

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17
Q

Bethanechol

A

muscarinic agonist

  • GI stim, contraction of uterine, bronchiolar, and urinary bladder smooth muscle.
  • used to treat urinary bladder atony and GI hypomotility
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18
Q

Pilocarpine

A

cholinomimetic alkaloid - parasympathomimetic

  • ocular drug - causes miosis
  • treat glaucoma
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19
Q

Pilocarpine Toxicity

A

colic, diarrhea, bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial secretions , hypotension, bradycardia&raquo_space;> death.

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20
Q

phyostigmine, neostigmine, endrophonium

A

cholinesterase inhibitor - indirect parasympathomimetic

  • REVERSIBLE
  • muscarinic effect - increased activity
  • nicptinic effect - stim followed by blockage or autonomic ganglia
  • stim adrenal medulla
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21
Q

organophosphates

A

irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor

-TOXIC

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22
Q

Atropine

A

muscarinic antagonist

-tachycardia, increased CO, relax GI muscles and secretion, bronchodilation, mydriasis, urinary retention

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23
Q

glycopyrrolate

A

synthetic muscarinic antagonist

-preanesthetic, less tachycardic, decreases GI function

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24
Q

tropicamide

A

synthetic muscarinic antagonist

  • ocular
  • fewer side effects
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25
Q

propantheline, isopropamide

A

synthetic muscarinic antagonist

-smooth muscle relaxants

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26
Q

phenylephrine

A

alpha 1 agonist

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27
Q

methoxdinine

A

alpha 1 agonist

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28
Q

phenylpropanolamine

A

alpha 1 agonist

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29
Q

medetomide

A

alpha 2 agonist

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30
Q

atipamezole

A

alpha 2 antagonist

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31
Q

phenoxybenzamine

A

alpha antagonist

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32
Q

phentolamine

A

alpha antagonism

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33
Q

propantheline

A

parasympatholytic - smooth muscle relaxation

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34
Q

isopropramide

A

parasympatholytic - smooth muscle relaxation

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35
Q

Timolol

A

Ocular

Beta blocker

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36
Q

Metipranolol

A

ocular drug

beta antagonist

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37
Q

carteolol

A

ocular drug

beta blocker

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38
Q

Levobunolol

A

ocular drug

beta blocker

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39
Q

Betaxolol

A

ocular drug

beta 1 selective blocker

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40
Q

Demecarium

A

ocular drug

cholinergic agonist

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41
Q

Echothiopate

A

Cholinergic agonist

ocular drug

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42
Q

Dipivefrin

A

adrenergic agonist

ocular drug

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43
Q

Apraclonidine

A

ocular drug

adrenergic agonist

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44
Q

Brimonidine

A

adrenergic agonist

ocular drug

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45
Q

methazolamide

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

oral

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46
Q

dorzolamide

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

topical

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47
Q

Iatanoprost

A

prostaglandin

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48
Q

Acetozolamide

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

oral

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49
Q

Edrophonium

A

cholinesterase inhibitor

-used to test for myasthenia gravis

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50
Q

Pyridostigmine

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor

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51
Q

Neostigmine

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor

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52
Q

Diphenhydramine

A

nicotinic cholinergic blocker

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53
Q

Barbiturates

A

GABA-mimetic effects
Chloride channel activation
inhibits release of GABA, NE, Ach, and glutamate

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54
Q

Pentobarbital

A

barbiturate - short acting and slow onset time

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55
Q

Methohexital

A

Barbiturate - ultra short and metabolized more quickly

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56
Q

Thiopental

A

barbiturate - ultra-short

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57
Q

Propofol

A

general anesthetic

enhances GABA effects

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58
Q

Etomidate

A

general anesthetic

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59
Q

Aflaxalone

A

neurosteroid

acts on GABA receptors

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60
Q

Guaifenesin

A

Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant. Analgesic, antipyretic, expectorant.

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61
Q

Ketamine

A

dissociative aesthetic

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62
Q

tiletamine

A

dissociative anesthetic

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63
Q

phencyclidine

A

dissociative anesthetic&raquo_space; prototype for angel dust

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64
Q

Morphine

A

opioid - mu agonist

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65
Q

methadone

A

opioid - mu agonist

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66
Q

etorphine

A

opioid - mu, kappa and delta agonist

67
Q

fentanyl

A

opioid - mu agonist

68
Q

butorphanol

A

opioid - partial mu agonist and kappa agonist

69
Q

buprenorphine

A

opioid - partial mu agonist and kappa antagonist

70
Q

nalbuphine

A

opioid - mu antagonist and kappa agonist

71
Q

naltrexone

A

mu, delta, kappa antagonist

72
Q

diprenorphine

A

mu, delta, and kappa antagonist

73
Q

naloxone

A

mu, delta, kappa antagonist

74
Q

Tramadol

A

nontraditional opioid - mu agonist

75
Q

Lidocaine

A

local anesthetic

76
Q

procaine

A

local anesthetic

77
Q

potassium bromide

A

antiepileptic drug - Br ion

78
Q

phenobarbitol

A

barbiturate

79
Q

Zonisamide

A

sulfonamide anti-epileptic

80
Q

levetiracetam

A

barbiturate antiepileptic

81
Q

topiramate

A

anti-convulsant

  • ehance GABA
  • enhance Na channel
  • blocks AMPA glutamate channels
82
Q

Gapapentin

A

GABA analogue

-treats neurogenic pain

83
Q

Acepromazine

A

Neuroleptic - tranquilizer

84
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

neuroleptic - tranquilizer

85
Q

Amphetamines

A

CNS stimulant - stimulate DA release

86
Q

Cocaine

A

block DA reuptake

87
Q

clomipramine

A

tricyclics - antidepressants

88
Q

fluoxetine

A

SSRI - antidepressant

89
Q

Zonisamide

A

anticonvulsant - Na channel inactivation

90
Q

Levetiracetam

A

anti-convulsant - blocks presynaptic release by interrupting vesicle binding

91
Q

Topiramate

A
  • glutamate antagonism (AMPA receptor)
  • Na channel inactivation
  • GABA prolongation
92
Q

Acepromazine, chlorpromazine, azaparone

A

neuroletpics - major tranquilizer

block multiple cathecholamine receptors in the brain

93
Q

Droperidol, Haloperidol

A

neuroleptic - buterophenones - dopamine receptor antagonist

94
Q

Diazepam, clorazepate, alprozolam, midazolam, zolazepam

A

benzodiazepines - effects GABA channel kinetics

95
Q

Busiprone

A

antianxiety without muscle relaxation

96
Q

Clomipramine, amitryptiline, imipramine, dozequin

A

antidepressant - blocks catecholamine reuptake

clomipramine approved for treatment of separation anxiety

97
Q

Fluoxetine

A

Prozac - SSRI

98
Q

L-deprenyl

A

inhibits MAO b&raquo_space; increases catecholamines

used to treat senility

99
Q

Apomorphine

A

emetic

-dopamine agonist

100
Q

FONS

A 
Acute HF therapy 
F- furosemide 
O - oxygen 
N - nitroglycerin 
S - sedation
101
Q

Nitroglycerin

A

NO precursor
MOA: vascular smooth muscle relaxation
venodilation and increases systemic venous capacitance

102
Q

Nitroprusside

A

NO precursor

103
Q

Pimobendan

A

pos inotrope - Ca sensitizer
PDEIII inhibitor - vasodilator
increases cAMP

104
Q

Digoxin

A

pos inotrope
inhibites Na/K ATPase&raquo_space;more intracellular Ca
“resets” the baroreceptors
neg chronotrope - slow HR
neg dromotrope - slow conduction through AV

105
Q

Class I drugs

A

Na Channel blockers

106
Q

Class Ia

A

inhibits fast Na channels
Quinidine, procanimide
depress phase 0
prolongs refractory period

107
Q

Class Ib

A 
inhibits fast Na channels 
lidocaine, mexillitine
decrease phase 0 
shorten refractory period 
binds inactivated channels
108
Q

Class Ic

A

inhibit fast Na channels
Flecainide, propafenone
decrease phase 0 and conduction velocity

109
Q

Class II

A

beta blockers

negative inotrope

110
Q

Class III

A

potassium channel blockers

inhibit K efflux - prolong action potential duration

111
Q

anti-arrhythmics for SVTs

A

Beta Blockers
Ca channel blockers
Digoxin

112
Q

Class IV

A

inhibit L type Ca channels, reduce Ca influx
neg chronotrope
neg inotrope

114
Q

VTac acute treatment

A

Lidocaine
2mg/kg dog
.25mg/kg cat

114
Q

Procainimide

A

Na channel blockers

115
Q

VTac chronic

A 
SPAM:
Sotalol - K channel blocker and weak beta blocker 
Procainimide - Na channel blocker 
Atenolol - beta blocker 
Mexilitine - Na channel blocker
116
Q

Mecilitine

A

Na channel blocker

117
Q

Terbutaline

A

Beta Agonist

treatment for bradyarrhythmia

118
Q

Theophylline

A

phosphodiesterase inhibitor

treatment for bradyarrhythmia

119
Q

propantheline

A

parasympatholytic - treatment for bradyarrhythmia

120
Q

mechlorethamine

A

alkylating agent
injectable
MOPP protocol for lymphoma

121
Q

cyclophosphamide

A

alkylating agent
oral or injectable
requires hepatic metabolism
sterile hemorrhagic cystitis

122
Q

alkylating agents

A

cell phase non-specific

123
Q

chlorambucil

A

alkylating agent
alternative to cyclophosphamide
oral - refridgerate

124
Q

melphalan

A

alkylating agent

oral - treats multiple myeloma

125
Q

lomustine

A 
Nitrosureas 
oral 
dogs - thrombocytopenia and hepatotoxicity 
cat - pulmonary toxicity 
mast cell tumors and lymphoma 
crosses BBB
126
Q

Antimetabolites

A

S phase specific - subs for purines and pyrimidines

127
Q

Cytosine Arabinoside

A

antimetabolites

treat lymphoma

128
Q

5-FU

A

antimetabolites
neurotoxic to cats
treat carcinomas

129
Q

Methotrexate

A

antimetabolites

treat lymphoma

130
Q

gemcitabine - gemzar

A

antimetabolites
treat carcinomas
thrombocytopenia
retinal hemorrhage has been reported

131
Q

Doxorubicin = Adriamycin

A 
antitumor antibiotics 
lymphoma, osteosarcoma 
vesicant
cardiotoxic to dogs 
nephrotoxic to cats
132
Q

mitoxantrone

A

antitumor antibodies

decreases cardiotox than doxo

133
Q

vinca alkaloids

A

M phase specific - affects the microtubules

134
Q

vincristine “oncovin”

A

vinka alkaloid
used for lymphoma
peripheral neuropathy, constipation, increases platelet count, vesicant

135
Q

vinblastine

A

vinka alkaloid
injectable
used for mast cell tumors

136
Q

vinorelbine

A

new vinca - lung cancer

137
Q

Etoposide - polysorbate

A

related to vinca

hypersensitivity

138
Q

Taxol - cremophor EL

A

related to vinca

hypersensitivity

139
Q

L-asparaginase

A

G1 specific
hypersensitivity - prior exposure to E. coli
pancreatitis

140
Q

Cisplatin

A 
platinum drug
cell cycle nonspecific 
good for osteosarcoma 
intralesional or intracavitary 
Fatal pulmonary edema in cats
nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity in dogs
141
Q

Carboplatin - paraplatin

A

less nephrotoxic

safe in cats

142
Q

Filgrastim Neupogen

A

human bone marrow stimulant- hypersensitivity reaction

143
Q

Antimicrobials - Acids

A

Cephalosporins, penicillins, sufonamides, nitrofurans

144
Q

Antimicrobials - Bases

A

Macrolides, Aminoglycoside, lincosamides, trimethoprim

145
Q

Amphoteric

A

tetracyclines, quinolones

146
Q

Neutral

A

chloramphenicol

147
Q

Gram -

A

aminoglycosides, polymyxin B, flouroquinolones, some cephalosporins (ceftiofur)

148
Q

Gram +

A

penicillins, bacitracin, macrolides, nitrofurantoin, some cephalosporins (cephalexin)

149
Q

Broad Spectrum

A

Carbapenems, Chloramphenicol, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines, some Cephalosporins (Cefoxitin)

150
Q

Cidal Agents

A 
Aminoglycosides
Beta-Lactams
Metronidazole
Quinolones
Rifampin
Sulfonamide/dipyrimidine
Vancomycin
151
Q

Static Agents

A 
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin (can be -cidal)
Lincosamides
Macrolides
Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines                     
Tylosin
152
Q

Tetracyclines

A 
inhibit bacterial protein synthesis 
avoid admin with Ca 
can cause fatal diarrhea in herbivores
discoloration of teeth in puppies 
tx for risckettsial disease.
153
Q

Florfenicol

A

synthetic, broad spec derivative of chloramphenicol

inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

154
Q

aminoglycosides

A

binds to ribosomes
oxygen dependent transport
aerobic gram - infections
ototoxic, nephtotoxic, neuromuscular blockade

155
Q

macrolides

A

inhibit protein syn
gram + infections
antagonist to lincosamides
can cause diarrhea in horses

156
Q

lincosamide

A

inhibit protein syn
can cause diarrhea, cardiodepression, and neuromuscular blockade
gram + anaerobes and mycoplasma
-abscesses and osteomyelitis

157
Q

rifampin

A

inhibits DNA dept RNA polymerase
in horses for septic lesions
good for gram + anaerobes and some gram - organisms

158
Q

Quinolones

A

inhibit gyrase mediated DNA supercoiling
especially for gram -, some gram + aerobes
cartilaginous tissues erosions in immature animals

159
Q

sulfonamides

A

susceptibility - coccidia, chlamydia, toxoplasma, some gram + and some gram -
-CNS, Resp, GI, UTI

160
Q

Dihydrofolate Reductase/Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitors

A

Increased efficacy of sulfonamides is used in combination

avoid use in animals with liver disease or sulfonamide sensitivity

161
Q

Penicillins

A

-beta-lactam
Inhibit transpeptidation reaction in the formation of bacterial cell walls => only effective on growing cells
-Oral administration to herbivores can cause severe (potentially fatal) diarrhea (espcially in Guinea Pigs)

162
Q

Cephalosporins

A

Beta Lactam Antibiotic

  • Cross-reactivity with penicillins wrt toxicity
  • Uses: severe infections, perioperative prophylaxis
163
Q

Cephalosporins generations

A

1st : primarily gram + (Cefazolin, Cephalothin, Cephalexin)

2nd: gram +, some gram - (Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime, Cefotetan)
3rd: gram -, some gram + (Ceftiofur, Ceftriaxone, Cefixime)

164
Q

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

A

Clavulanic Acid

Sulbactam

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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