Pharm 2

Question 1

Histamine

Answer 1

Biogenic amine
smooth muscle stim, intense vasodepressor, mimics allergic and hypersensitivity reactions.
physiological - gastric acid secretion, neuromodulation and neurotransmission

Question 2

histamine synthesis

Answer 2

histidine decarboxylase takes histidine (AA) to histamine

Question 3

histamine degredation

Answer 3

2 steps - histamine methyltransferase and MAO

Question 4

Cells which produce histamine

Answer 4

Mast cell pool - slowly sun largest supply of histamine
-mast cells and basophils
released in shock or allergic reaction.
GI, Skin, CNS - rapidly syn and works as a neurotransmitter

Question 5

H-1 receptors

Answer 5

classical smooth muscle, vascular effects

• constriction of bronchi, gut, smooth muscle and large blood vessels
• largest effect at microvasculature&raquo_space; dilation of arterioles and drop in BP and increase cap perm&raquo_space; edema

Question 6

H-2 receptors

Answer 6

found in GI tract - mediate gastric secretion of HCL

Question 7

H-3 receptors

Answer 7

inhibition of adenyl cyclase through Gi protein

Question 8

CNS H receptors

Answer 8

H-3 and H-1

Question 9

HIstamine in rodents

Answer 9

arteriole CONSTRICTION

Question 10

histamine in rabbits

Answer 10

pronounced vessel constriction, increased BP

Question 11

Cromolyn

Answer 11

blocks mast cell degranulation - used as prophylaxis for bronchial asthma in people

Question 12

H-1 antihistamines

Answer 12

orally absorbed in mono gastric animals, can give IM

competitive inhibitors - most effective as a prophylactic

Question 13

H-1 antihistamines side effects

Answer 13

CNS - sedation
Anti-cholinergic - dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia
contraindications - glaucoma, ileus, cardiac arrythmias

Question 14

anaphylactic reaction treatments

Answer 14

1. systemic epinephrine - physiological antagonism - bronchial dilation and vasoconstriction
2. Fluids
3. adjunctive - H-1 antihist > Benadryl, Corticosteroids

Question 15

Treatment of dermal conditions

-uticaria, hypersensitivity reactions, insect stings, pruritus

Answer 15

H-1 antihistamines - systemically or topically

Question 16

Anti-emetic/motion sickness effects of antihistamines

Answer 16

due to anti-cholinergic action of some antihistamines - ex. dramamine

Question 17

Cimetidine, Ranitidine, and Famotidine

Answer 17

H-2 receptor blocker

Question 18

Serotonin degradation

Answer 18

monoamine oxidase

Question 19

Serotonin synthesis

Answer 19

2 steps. Tryptophan&raquo_space;tryptophan hydroylase&raquo_space; 5-hydroxytryptophan» amino acid decarboxylase&raquo_space; 5-hydroxytryptamine

Question 20

endogenous serotonin

Answer 20

enterochromaffin cells - 90%
CNS
mast cells
concentrated in platelets

Question 21

Triphasic response

Answer 21

Serotonin > 1. decreased BP and HR, 2. increased BP > direct effect, 3. prolonged decrease in BP

Question 22

Dextran in rats

Answer 22

mast cell degranulation&raquo_space; large amount of serotonin leads to triphasic response

Question 23

serotonin effects on vasculature

Answer 23

homeostasis > local vasoconstriction

Question 24

serotonin effects on CNS

Answer 24

important for maintenance of normal mood

Question 25

amitriptyline

Answer 25

tricyclic anti depressant

Question 26

metoclopramide

Answer 26

blocks 5-HT3 receptors in the brain

Question 27

carcinoid syndrome

Answer 27

5-HT producing tumors in GI tract > flushing, diarrhea, bronchoconstriction, sudden decrease in BP, edema and ascites.

Question 28

kinin

Answer 28

endogenous vasodilator > increase vascular permeability of microcirculation, increase contraction of nonvascular smooth muscle, evoke pain

Question 29

Converting Enzyme (Kinases)

Answer 29

degrade bardykinin and kalllidin as well as convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin

Question 30

Kinins, cardio effects

Answer 30

dilation of arterioles, contraction of large vessels, increased capillary permeability

Question 31

kinins, renal

Answer 31

diuretic, natriuretic

Question 32

allermyl

Answer 32

topical - blocks the synthesis TNFa

Question 33

Thalidomide

Answer 33

topical - blocks formation of TNFa