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pharmacology 2 > pharmacology 2 reproduction > Flashcards

pharmacology 2 reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

FSH

A

acts on follicles and stimulate growth

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2
Q

estrogen

A

kicks of estrogen and tells the male that you are on FIRE

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3
Q

progesterone

A

released from the corpus luteum and increases uterine secretions, closes cervix, and decreases myometrial contractions. Basically tells your body that you are pregnant

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4
Q

gonadotrophins hCG (LH)

A

acts on the follicular cysts in both small animals and large animals (mares) to induce ovulation (cats)

in large animals in can increase testosterone secretion.

in small animal medicine it can also be used to treat cryptorchids

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5
Q

eCG (FSH) aka PMSG

A

basically have the same uses in small and large animals

stimulate follicular growth in anestrus (bring them back into the need to breed)

can be used with hCG (LH) to induce estrus in prepuberal gilts

can be used with PGF2a to induce super ovulation in cattle

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6
Q

GnRH

A

can be used to treat follicular cysts in cattle and bitches

in large animals, can induce luteal formation

in large animals, Deslorelin acetate can induce ovulation in mares.

and in small animals in and increase libido in male dogs and cats

test LH defs

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7
Q

what are the androgens

A

testosterone; trenbolone, and mibolerone. the last two are synthetic

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8
Q

when are androgens used in large animals

A

to create teaser cows to ascertain which cows are in estrus

as growth promoters in feedlot cattle

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9
Q

what is the testosterone-estradiol tenbolone used for

A

as a growth promoter in feedlot cattle

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10
Q

what are the general uses of androgens in small animal medicine

A

to treat alopecia in neutered dogs

to supress estrus in dogs

to treat peudopregnancies

to terminate pregnancies

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11
Q

which androgen could you use to terminate pregnancy in a bitch

A

mibolerone

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12
Q

which androgens can you use to suppress estrus in bitches

A

mibolerone and testosterone

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13
Q

Stanazol is a_____ and is approved for usage in _____, ____, and____

A

anabolic steroid,

dogs, cats, and horses

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14
Q

boldenone is an anabolic steroid that is approved only in ___

A

horses

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15
Q

anabolic steroids like____ and ___ are used for what?

A

stanazol and boldenone

improving athletic preformance, cachexia, dehabilitating diseases, tissue repair, adjuct for anemia, apetite stimulants

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16
Q

estradial esters

DES and zerazol are all?_____

A

estrogens

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17
Q

zerazol is specifically for use in what species?

A

approved in sheep, but can also be used in cattle

used specifically for growth in cattle and sheep

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18
Q

zerazol is derived from?

A

mycotoxins

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19
Q

what are the uses for estrogens in large animals?

A

can be used to promote growth in combination with testosterone and progesterone

estradiol valerate: is letueolytic when combined with progestin (norgestomet) and can be used to synchronize estrus in cattle

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20
Q

esterdiolvalerate and norgestomet are used____

A

to synchronize estrus in cattle

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21
Q

what are the general uses of estogens in small animals

A

mismating (not recommended)

urinary incontinence, dermatitis, and vaginitis post spay

induce estrus in bitches

to antagonize androgens as is the case with prostate hypertrophy and anal adenoma

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22
Q

the numerous adverse effects of estrogens.

A

ovarian suppression and follicular cysts

vaginal/ uterine prolapse

abortion

aplastic anemia, leukopenia

bone fractures

make a male too female

pyometra when used for mismating

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23
Q

where does progesterone come from

A

the corpus luteum

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24
Q

what are the main functions of progesterone?

A

inhibition of FSH, LH, GnRH. remember the whole point of this hormone is to tell the body that you are preggers.

it increases uterine secretions because that helps the implanted niblet,

closes the cervix ( as you are closed for business

and decreated myometrial contractions because you don’t wanna send your little baby out too early

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25
Q

megestrol acetate is a____ and it is approved in______ to________

A

progesterone; bitches; suppress estrus

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26
Q

what is the class and name of a drug the is used to treat behavioral problems in cats urination in toms

A

progesterones

mydroxyprogesterone caproate (approved in cats)

medroxyprogesterone acetate

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27
Q

what is the class and name of drug that is used to suppress estrus, synchronize estrus, and prevent premature labor in large animals. its only approved in mares

A

progesterone altrenogest/rugumate

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28
Q

what are norgestomet implants and synchro mate B used for ?

what animals is syncro Mate B approved in?

A

supress estrus, and synchronize estrus

beef cattle, and non lactating heifers

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29
Q

what species in melengesterol acetate approved in? what is its used?

A

growth promotion in cattle

approved in cattle

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30
Q

progesterone CIDR is used to

A

synchronize estrus

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31
Q

megestrol acetate has one life-threatening side effect that you need to be aware of.

A

can cause cystic endometrial hyperplasia. In combination with pyometra, this can take down a bitch. No really its contraindicated in bitches

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32
Q

can cause life-threatening cystic endometrial hyperplasia in bitches. My name is?

A

megestrol acetate. And I can cause pyometra

33
Q

what are the adverse effects of hydroxyprogesterone caproate/ medroxyprogesterone acetate

A

you basically get big: mammary enlargement/tumors, increased appetite and weight gain, lethargy

34
Q

what are the adverse effects of altrenogest?

A

temperament and coat changes, hyperglycemia–> diabetes mellitus, inhibition of the adrenal cortex, acromegaly.

think of a horse on cocaine

35
Q

norgestomet implants have what adverse effects?

A

most of these effects surround a pregnancy event: delay or prevent parturition, masculinization of female fetuses

36
Q

melengesterol acetate has what side effects?

A

inhibition of uterine mobility and can close the cervix….who wants that?

37
Q

what is the MOA of prostaglandins F2a (PG2a)

A

decreases serum progesterone due to luteolysis.

stimulate uterine contraction

activation of protein kinase C and inhibition of steroid synthesis–increase in intracellular free Ca—regression of the corpus luteum

38
Q

dinoprost tromethamine is a_____ and approved in____, ___,and ___

A

prostaglandin

cattle, mares, and sows

39
Q

closprostenol is a____ and approved in_____

A

prostaglandin; cattle

40
Q

fenprostalene is a ___ and is approved in____

A

prostaglandin; cattle

41
Q

fluprostenol is a ____and approved in _____

A

prostaglandin; mares

42
Q

T/F. synthetic prostaglandins tend to be more potent than natural prostaglandins

A

True.

43
Q

what are the clinical uses of prostaglandins in large animals

A 
early gestation in cattle
late gestation in cattle and swine
expulsion of mummified fetus
pyometra, as it pushes out the pus :) pus lol
sync cattle into estrus
control of estus in mares....whatever that means
treat a persistant corpus luteum aka
silent estus and pyometra in cattle
44
Q

what is the DOC for expulsion of mummified fetus

A

prostaglandins

45
Q

use of prostaglandins in small animals

A

uterine infections and mismating

46
Q

what are the side effects of prostaglandins and what should you give to alleviate some of those effects

A

salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, colic, fever, anxiety and ataxia.

atropine, because its an antimuscarininc

47
Q 
Estrogens
Oxytocin
PGFa2
Glucocorticoids
Ergonovine
Prolactin Inhibitors (Dopamine Agonists)

all of these drugs are____because of ______

A

uterine stimulants; contractions of the uterus and indirect vasoconstriction

48
Q

what are the uses of uterine stimulants?

A

basically prevent all stages of pregnancy: antidatory, abortificant, antiecbolic

49
Q

what is the MOA of oxytoxin?

A

increases intracellular Ca
activation of myosin light chain kinase
contraction

50
Q

what are the uses of oxytocin (currently most used in LAM)?

A

milk letdown
expulsion of the placenta
decrease post partum bleeding

51
Q

prolactin inhibitors (ergoline derivatives) aka dopamine agonists include what two drugs you have learned about?

A

bromocroptine

cabergoline

52
Q

the MOA of prolactin inhibitors like carbergoline and bromocroptine.

A

inhibits prolactin–> inhibition of the formation of the corpus luteum–inhibits formation of progesterone–> inhibition of pregnancy.

53
Q

T/F. Bromocroptine is more sensitive to D2 than D1

A

False. its carbergoline that is more sensitive to D2 than D1

54
Q

what are dopamine antagonists likely to do to the corpus luteum. Clue….what do prolactin inhibitors do?

A

they increase prolatin–>promoting growth of the the corpus luteum. Ex phenothiazine derivatives etc.

55
Q

what are the clinical uses of prolactin inhibitors?

A

mismating in bitches and queens

pseudopregnancy in bitches and queens

56
Q

T/F carbergoline is longer acting, more effective, and has fewer side effects than bromocroptine

A

True

57
Q

side effects of prolactin inhibitors

A

vomiting (direct stimulation of the CRTZ)

anorexia, depression, and behavioral changes

58
Q

Sudden withdrawal from progestins can cause what side effect that you really should remember, and why?

A

Pseudopregnancy; because sudden withdrawal from progestins can cause an increase in prolactin (increased magnitude and all)

59
Q

How would you treat pseudopregnancy?

A

you would not directly treat it. You could however, give sedatives, so long as its not phenothiazines and acepromazine as those will cause an increase in prolactin.

you could deprive them of water, or use a mild diurectiv ( no milk either)

androgens and estrogens: testosterone cypionate, mibolerone, DES

dopamine agonists or prolactin inhibitors

DO NOT SPAY!!!!!

basically the best treatment is to do nothing.

60
Q

induction of abortion in cows

A

150 days……………PGF2a
5-8 months……….PGF2a combination with Dexmethasome
9th…………………….dexmethasone or PGF2a alone

(dinoprost tromethamine and fendprostalene are best to use)

61
Q

how would you induce parturition in a cow

A

DOC: Dexmethasone (glucocorticoids)

PGF2a

62
Q

how would you induce parturition in a mare

A

DOC oxytocin

63
Q

in a mare, you cannot use oxytocin if the cervix is closed. what is another drug you can use to induce partruition

A

DES or estradiol cypionate to open up the cervix

64
Q

what is the DOC to induce parturition in swine

A

PGF2a follows by oxytocin

65
Q

What is the DOC to induce parturition in small animals

A

oxytocin

66
Q

How can you induce the expulsion of the placenta

A

DOC is PGF2a (also good for a dead fetus)(tag on an antibiotic

oxytocin and estrogens

ergonavine and bromocriptidine.

67
Q

what is a tocolytic

A

a drug that causes the inhibition of uterine contractions

68
Q

what are some examples of tocolytics

A

B2 agonists like terbutaline, ritodrine
Mg sulfate
inhalation anesthetics

69
Q

which is used specifically as a tocolytic?

a) terbutaline
b) ritodine
c) Mg sulfate
d) inhalation anesthetics

A

B) ritodine

70
Q

what can you use to treat agalatica

A 
dopamine antagonists (phenothiazines, domperidone, metclopromide
something that increases prolactin

Domperidone does not cross the BBB, so it has less CNS effects

71
Q

benign prostate therapy . Talk to me about your options

A

surgery

megesterol acetate (but not beyond 32 days)–inhibition of gonadotrophins by negative feedback

Finasteride -Inhibits enzyme, 5a-reductase in prostrate which would otherwise convert testosterone –>dihydrotestosterone (responsible for prostrate hypertrophy)

GnRH antagonists which hit the issue directly, but beware as large doses can negative feedback on themselves

72
Q

what is the MOA of finasteride

A

inhibits enzyme, 5a-reductase in prostrate which would otherwise convert testosterone –>dihydrotestosterone (responsible for prostrate hypertrophy)

73
Q

calcium gluconate and zinc gluconate (neutralized with arginine are used in______

A

chemical castration of dogs

destroys the testes by a direct injection but is only approved in pups 3-10 months of age

74
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
imipramine
alpha 2 agonsits
xylazine (sedative in LAM)

these are all used to preform

A

chemical ejaculations…because ejaculation is a function of the sympathetic.

75
Q

what is the MOA of imipramine

A

inhibition of the reuptake of serotonin and NE

also acts on dopamine and delta opiate receptors

76
Q

what are the clinical uses of somatotrophin in large animals

A 
increase the production of milk
enhance growth (feed conversion)
77
Q

what are the clinical uses of somatotrophin in small animals

A

pituitaty dwarfism

GH responsive dermatosis

78
Q

adverse effects of somatotrophins

A

May increase incidence of mastitis in LA
Diabetes Mellitus via increased blood glucose (SA)
GH is a diabetogenic hormone
Hypersensitivity due to antigenic response (SA)

pharmacology 2 (3 decks)

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