Pharmacology Flashcards
Oral (PO)
Swallowed by mouth
Intravenous (IV)
Directly into the bloodstream via a vein
Intramuscular (IM)
Injected into a muscle (often deltoid, vastus lateralis, or the gluteal muscles )
Subcutaneous (subQ)
Injected into the hypodermis (adipose) layer under the skin
Intrathecal
Injected into the subarachnoid space of the spine
Additional methods of administration
Topically and transdermal
Inhaled
Rectal suppositories and vaginal suppositories
Direct injection into a specific site /joints, nerves /
Sublingual /under the tongue /
Risks for most drugs used in pregnancy
A: remote risk of fetal harm
B: slightly more risk than A
C: greater risk than B
D: proven risk of fetal harm
X: proven risk of fetal harm
Suffix -tidine
Histamine 2 blocker - acid reducer
Cimetidine
Suffix : -prazole
PPI - acid reducer
Omeprazole
Suffix: -cillin
Penicillin antibiotic family
Amoxicillin
Suffix: -cycline
Tetracycline antibiotic family
Tetracycline
Suffix: -floxacin
Fluoroquinolone antibiotic family
Levofloxacin
Suffix: -thromycin
Macrolide antibiotic family
Azithromycin
Suffix: -micin, -mycin
Amino glycoside antibiotic family
Gentamicin
Suffix: -azole
Antifungal
Itraconazole
Suffix: -triptan
Serotonin-receptor agonists used for migraine
Sumatriptan
Suffix: -denafil, -dalafil
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction
Sildenafil
Suffix: -curium, -curonium
Neuromuscular blockers used for muscle relaxation during surgery
Pancuronium
Suffix: -zosin
Alpha-adrenergic blocker used for hypertension and benign prostatic hypertrophy
Prazosin
Suffix: -olol, -lol
Beta-adrenergic blocker BB
Metoprolol, Atenolol
Suffix: -zepam, -zolam
Benzodiazepine BDZ - anti-anxiety med
Diazepam
Suffix: -pril
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ACE
Lisinopril
Suffix: -artan
Angiotensin receptor blocker ARB
Candesartan,
Suffix: -dipine
Calcium channel blockers CCB
Amlodipine
Suffix: -statin
Lipid /cholesterol/ lowering drugs
Atorvastatin
Suffix: -ase, -plase
Thrombolytic used to dissolve clots
Alteplase
Suffix: -parin
Anticoagulant
Heparin, Enoxaparin
Suffix: -sone, -olone
Corticosteroid
Prednisone, Prednisolone
Suffix: -dronate
Bisphosphonate for osteoporosis
Alendronate
Suffix: -terol
Bronchodilator used for asthma and COPD
Albuterol
Suffix: -thiazide
Diuretics
Hydrochlorothiazide
Suffix: -vir
Antiviral
Acyclovir
Pharmacology
Study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
OTC
Over the counter / able to be bought without a prescription /
Iatrogenic disease
A drug or physician induced disease
Hepatotoxic
Drugs that may cause liver failure
QT interval drugs
Cause dangerous cardiac dysrhythmias
Physical dependence
Long term use of certain drugs, such as opioid’s, alcohol, barbiturates, amphetamines / some people refer to this “addiction ”/
Idiosyncratic effects
An adverse drug reaction based on a genetic predisposition
Carcinogenic effect
Drug induced cancer
Teratogenic effect
Drug induced birth defect
Pregnancy category
A: remote risk of fetal harm
B: slightly more risk than A
C: greater risk than B
D: proven risk of fetal harm
X: proven risk of fetal harm
Drugs should be avoided in pregnancy due to teratogenicity
Anticancer / immunosuppressant drugs /methotrexate/
Anti-seizure drugs
Androgens /danazol, finasteride, dutasteride /
ACE inhibitors
ARB blockers
Anti-thyroid
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics / ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin /
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors / -statins /
Isotretinoin /Accutane/ used for acne
Lithium used for bipolar disorder
NSAIDs drugs / ibuprofen and others /
Megadoses of vitamin A
Tetracycline antibiotics / minocycline, doxycycline /
Warfarin / Coumadin /
Eating calcium containing foods while taking tetracycline antibiotics
Tetracycline’s bind with calcium to make an insoluble and non-absorbable complex.
High fiber foods can reduce
Absorption of some drugs
Grapefruit juice can inhibit
Metabolism of certain drugs , raising blood levels / possibly to dangerous levels /
Monoamine oxidase MAO inhibitors / an antidepressant / combined with foods high in tyramine / found in cheeses, yeast extracts, Chianti wine / can cause
Blood pressure to rise to a dangerous level
Foods rich in vitamin K / broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage / can reduce the effects of
Anticoagulants - such as Warfarin / Coumadin /
Empty stomach means
One hour before meal or 2 hours after
American Ginseng may interact with
NSAIDs
Anticoagulants
Antiplatelet
Digoxin
Diuretics
Antiretroviral
Chemotherapy medications
St John’s Wort may decrease levels of
Antihyperlipidemic medications / -statin/ and some Calcium channel blockers
Should not be taken by a patient who take’s SSRI’s, anticoagulant, antiretroviral, anti seizure, oral contraceptive, some chemotherapy med
Psyllium or other bulk forming laxatives
Should not be taken at the same time as oral medications as it may decrease absorption. / should wait about 4 hours between taking meds and psyllium /
Iron can decrease
Tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, Synthroid
Garlic may increase risk of bleeding
Patients taking NSAIDs
Anticoagulant and anti platelet med
/ may also decrease effectiveness of antiretrovirals and hypoglycemic medications /
Ginkgo
Increase bleeding who take a NSAIDs and anticoagulant, antiplatelet.
May also interact with anti seizure, hypoglycemic, diuretics meds
Saw palmetto increase
Bleeding with NSAIDs, anticoagulant and anti-platelet
Ginger
Bleeding with NSAIDs, anticoagulants, antiplatelet
Kava
May cause liver damage. Should not be taken with meds that affect the liver or hepatotoxic.
Amlodipine norvask
