Pharmacology

Question 1

Which United States government agency oversees disposal of expired controlled substances?

Answer 1

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

Question 2

WHat does the Latin abbreviation gtt indicate?

Answer 2

Drop

Question 3

Which nutrient can cause toxicity if over-supplemented in the diet of a healthy cat?

Answer 3

Vitamin A

A fat-soluble vitamin which is stored in the body. Uncommon but can be seen in cats fed a diet high in liver.

Question 4

While carprofen is known to cause adverse GI effects such as vomiting and diarrhea, it is also associated with an isiosyncratic toxicity to which system?

Answer 4

Hepatic

NSAIDs can also cause acute kidney injury in some animals, particularly in cats, horses, and older dehydrated dogs

Question 5

Which type of infection would be best treated by an antifungal medication?

Answer 5

Yeast

Question 6

Which hormone has overall control of the estrous cycle?

Answer 6

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), secreted by the hypothalamus in the brain, has overall control of the estrous cycle.

Question 7

Methimazole is one treatment option for which endocrine disorder?

Answer 7

Hyperthyroidism

Question 8

What is the definitive treatment for equine Cushing’s disease?

Answer 8

Pergolide

Question 9

What hormone is critical in relaxing and dilating the cervix for labor?

Answer 9

Estrogen

Increased estrogen secretion pre-partum leads to increased secretion of prostaglandins, which together with oxytocin and relaxing help to relax and dilate the cervix for parturition.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of an antibacterial drug?

A. Chlorohexidine
B. Pyrantel
C. Enrofloxacin
D. Ivermectin
E. Clotrimazole

Answer 10

C. Enrofloxacin

Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinalone antibiotic

Question 11

Which drugs are contraindicated in horses because of the increased potential to cause a severe, even fatal, colitis?

Answer 11

Clindamycin and lincomycin HCl

Question 12

What are the most common side effects of antimicrobials across all classes of antimicrobials drugs in dogs and cats?

Answer 12

Vomiting and diarrhea

Question 13

Why are oral medications such as cephalosporin, amoxicillin, and clindamycin considered toxic for rabbits?

Answer 13

They destroy critical bacteria in the cecum

Question 14

How many milliliters (ml or cc) of 2.5% ampicillin should you inject intravenously for a 25 lb dog, if the dose is 25 mg/kg?

Answer 14

11.4 ml

The weight of the dog in kg is 25/2.2 = 11.36 kg
The dose of ampicillin for an 11.36 kg dog is 11.36 kg x 25 mg/kg = 284 mg
A 2.5% solution contains 25 mg ampicillin per ml of sterile water
The dose of ampicillin in ml = 284 mg/25mg = 11.4

Question 15

What is the primary reason to use an acaricide in dogs and cats?

Answer 15

Treatment of mites or ticks

Question 16

How much sterile water do you need to add to a 5 gram bottle of dextrose in order to yield a 2.5% solution

Answer 16

Add 200 ml of sterile water to a 5 g bottle of dextrose to yield a 2.5% solution

Here is an example of how to perform the calculation:

1. A 2.5% solution contains 25 mg/ml
2. 5g = 5000 mg
3. if 5000 mg/X ml = 25 mg/ml, then
   25 mg/1 ml = 5000 mg/X ml
   X = 5000/25 = 200 ml

Question 17

Which drug is similar in action to glycopyrrolate?

Answer 17

Atropine

Atropine and glycopyrrolate are anticholinergic drugs primarily used as preanesthetics, to prevent bradycardia and dry up airway secretions

Question 18

Phenylpropanolamine is typically used to treat which condition?

Answer 18

Urethral sphincter incompetence (Urinary incontinence)

Question 19

What adverse effects does azathioprine have on feline patients?

Answer 19

Bone marrow suppression

Question 20

What is the best location for intramuscular administration in a bird?

Answer 20

The large pectoral mass on either side of the keel bone