pharmacology

Question 1

for which bacteria is chloramphenicol bactericidal

Answer 1

strep and haemophilus

Question 1

what is the most commonly used topical antibiotic in ophthalmology

Answer 1

chloramphenicol

Question 2

for which bacteria is chloramphenicol bacteriostatic

Answer 2

staph

Question 3

why can we not give chloramphenicol to new borns

Answer 3

livers cant handle it resulting in grey baby syndrome

Question 4

who do we avoid chloramphenicol in

Answer 4

history of aplastic anaemia

Question 5

give an example of a quinolone

Answer 5

ofloxacin

Question 6

MOA of quinolones

Answer 6

inhibit DNA gyrase

Question 7

role of DNA gyrase

Answer 7

compresses bacterial DNA onto supercoils

Question 8

management of dendritic ulcers of the cornea

Answer 8

ganciclovir

Question 9

MOA of ganciclovir

Answer 9

inhibits viral DNA synthesis

Question 10

give 2 examples of steroid eye drops

Answer 10

betamethasone, prednisolone acetate

Question 11

name 3 patients who may receive steroid eye drops

Answer 11

• post cataract op
• uveitis
• prevent corneal graft rejection

Question 12

MOA of steroid eye drops

Answer 12

decreases transcription of inflammatory proteins and increases transcription of anti-inflammatory proteins

Question 13

what can be caused by inappropriate use of steroid eye drops

Answer 13

proliferation of herpes simplex keratitis

Question 14

why can’t you use steroid eye drops in dendritic ulcers

Answer 14

causes corneal melt

Question 15

name some complications of prolonged use of steroid eyedrops (4)

Answer 15

cataract
glaucoma
exacerbation of viral infections
raised intraocular pressure

Question 16

give an example of a prostaglandin analogue

Answer 16

latanoprost

Question 17

first line management of glaucoma

Answer 17

prostaglandin analogues

Question 18

MOA of prostaglandin analogues

Answer 18

lower IOP by enhancing drainage of aqueous humour from the eye

Question 19

what is second line in the management of glaucoma

Answer 19

β-blockers or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 20

MOA of β-blockers in the eye

Answer 20

reduce the rate of production of aqueous humour

Question 21

give an example of an anti-fungal used in the eye

Answer 21

natamycin

Question 22

who gets prescribed antifungals for the eye (2)

Answer 22

fungal corneal ulcer
fungal retinitis / endophthalmitis

Question 23

action of pilocarpine on the pupil

Answer 23

acts on M3 receptors found on the iris sphincter muscle causing the muscle to contract
pupil constriction

Question 24

action of pilocarpine on the ciliary muscle of the eye

Answer 24

contracts the muscle promoting increased trabecular aqueous outflow

Question 25

state the 2 main indications of pilocarpine

Answer 25

reduces IOP prior to some laser procedures

Question 26

name a topical and systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Answer 26

topical: dorzolamide systemic: acetazolamide

Question 27

MOA of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Answer 27

reduces the formation of aqueous humour

Question 28

name a ⍺2 adrenergic agonist used in the eye

Answer 28

brimonidine

Question 29

indication of ⍺2 adrenergic agonists in the eye

Answer 29

alternative management of glaucoma

Question 30

who cant use ⍺2 adrenergic agonist

Answer 30

children

Question 31

MOA of ⍺2 adrenergic agonist

Answer 31

stop aqueous production and opens up the drainage pathways

Question 32

give an example of a Parasympathomimetics

Answer 32

pilocarpine

Question 33

indication for pilocarpine

Answer 33

alternative management of glaucoma

Question 34

name one side effect of pilocarpine

Answer 34

night blindness

Question 35

why is there low compliance with pilocarpine

Answer 35

have to apply 4x a day so a bit of a pain really

Question 36

MOA of local anaesthetic in the eye

Answer 36

blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction

Question 37

name some indications for local anaesthetic in the eye

Answer 37

foreign body removal tonometry corneal scraping cataract surgery

Question 38

what do we use to measure intraocular pressure

Answer 38

tonometry

Question 39

most commonly used diagnostic dye

Answer 39

fluorescein

Question 40

what is used to cause pupil dilatation before fundoscopy

Answer 40

mydriatics

Question 41

name 2 adverse effects of mydriatics

Answer 41

blurring of vision can precipitate AACG

Question 42

what does AACG stand for

Answer 42

acute angle closure glaucoma

Question 43

ocular side effect of vigabatrin

Answer 43

field defect

Question 44

ocular side effect of alcohol (and ethambutol)

Answer 44

optic atrophy

Question 45

ocular side effect of rifampicin

Answer 45

red tears

Question 46

ocular side effect of digoxin

Answer 46

change in colour appreciation

Question 47

ocular side effect of chloroquine

Answer 47

maculopathy

Question 48

ocular side effect of amiodarone

Answer 48

corneal verticillata

Question 49

what is an intracameral injection

Answer 49

injection into the anterior chamber of the eye

Question 50

intravitreal injections

Answer 50

injection into the vitreous cavity

Question 51

subtenon injection

Answer 51

injection between the sclera and tenon capsule

Question 52

subconjunctival injection

Answer 52

injection under the conjunctiva

Question 53

benefit of a subconjunctival injection

Answer 53

allows drug to bypass the corneal epithelium

Question 54

name a common contaminant of bottles

Answer 54

psuedomonas

Question 55

how long are bottles protected from contaminants

Answer 55

4 weeks

Question 56

how can we limit the systemic absorption of topical drugs in the eye

Answer 56

holding the tear duct shut