pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

for which bacteria is chloramphenicol bactericidal

A

strep and haemophilus

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1
Q

what is the most commonly used topical antibiotic in ophthalmology

A

chloramphenicol

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2
Q

for which bacteria is chloramphenicol bacteriostatic

A

staph

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3
Q

why can we not give chloramphenicol to new borns

A

livers cant handle it resulting in grey baby syndrome

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4
Q

who do we avoid chloramphenicol in

A

history of aplastic anaemia

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5
Q

give an example of a quinolone

A

ofloxacin

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6
Q

MOA of quinolones

A

inhibit DNA gyrase

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7
Q

role of DNA gyrase

A

compresses bacterial DNA onto supercoils

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8
Q

management of dendritic ulcers of the cornea

A

ganciclovir

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9
Q

MOA of ganciclovir

A

inhibits viral DNA synthesis

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10
Q

give 2 examples of steroid eye drops

A

betamethasone, prednisolone acetate

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11
Q

name 3 patients who may receive steroid eye drops

A
  • post cataract op
  • uveitis
  • prevent corneal graft rejection
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12
Q

MOA of steroid eye drops

A

decreases transcription of inflammatory proteins and increases transcription of anti-inflammatory proteins

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13
Q

what can be caused by inappropriate use of steroid eye drops

A

proliferation of herpes simplex keratitis

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14
Q

why can’t you use steroid eye drops in dendritic ulcers

A

causes corneal melt

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15
Q

name some complications of prolonged use of steroid eyedrops (4)

A

cataract
glaucoma
exacerbation of viral infections
raised intraocular pressure

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16
Q

give an example of a prostaglandin analogue

A

latanoprost

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17
Q

first line management of glaucoma

A

prostaglandin analogues

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18
Q

MOA of prostaglandin analogues

A

lower IOP by enhancing drainage of aqueous humour from the eye

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19
Q

what is second line in the management of glaucoma

A

β-blockers or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

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20
Q

MOA of β-blockers in the eye

A

reduce the rate of production of aqueous humour

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21
Q

give an example of an anti-fungal used in the eye

A

natamycin

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22
Q

who gets prescribed antifungals for the eye (2)

A

fungal corneal ulcer
fungal retinitis / endophthalmitis

23
Q

action of pilocarpine on the pupil

A

acts on M3 receptors found on the iris sphincter muscle causing the muscle to contract
pupil constriction

24
Q

action of pilocarpine on the ciliary muscle of the eye

A

contracts the muscle promoting increased trabecular aqueous outflow

25
Q

state the 2 main indications of pilocarpine

A

reduces IOP
prior to some laser procedures

26
Q

name a topical and systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

A

topical: dorzolamide
systemic: acetazolamide

27
Q

MOA of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

reduces the formation of aqueous humour

28
Q

name a ⍺2 adrenergic agonist used in the eye

A

brimonidine

29
Q

indication of ⍺2 adrenergic agonists in the eye

A

alternative management of glaucoma

30
Q

who cant use ⍺2 adrenergic agonist

A

children

31
Q

MOA of ⍺2 adrenergic agonist

A

stop aqueous production and opens up the drainage pathways

32
Q

give an example of a Parasympathomimetics

A

pilocarpine

33
Q

indication for pilocarpine

A

alternative management of glaucoma

34
Q

name one side effect of pilocarpine

A

night blindness

35
Q

why is there low compliance with pilocarpine

A

have to apply 4x a day so a bit of a pain really

36
Q

MOA of local anaesthetic in the eye

A

blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction

37
Q

name some indications for local anaesthetic in the eye

A

foreign body removal
tonometry
corneal scraping
cataract surgery

38
Q

what do we use to measure intraocular pressure

A

tonometry

39
Q

most commonly used diagnostic dye

A

fluorescein

40
Q

what is used to cause pupil dilatation before fundoscopy

A

mydriatics

41
Q

name 2 adverse effects of mydriatics

A

blurring of vision
can precipitate AACG

42
Q

what does AACG stand for

A

acute angle closure glaucoma

43
Q

ocular side effect of vigabatrin

A

field defect

44
Q

ocular side effect of alcohol (and ethambutol)

A

optic atrophy

45
Q

ocular side effect of rifampicin

A

red tears

46
Q

ocular side effect of digoxin

A

change in colour appreciation

47
Q

ocular side effect of chloroquine

A

maculopathy

48
Q

ocular side effect of amiodarone

A

corneal verticillata

49
Q

what is an intracameral injection

A

injection into the anterior chamber of the eye

50
Q

intravitreal injections

A

injection into the vitreous cavity

51
Q

subtenon injection

A

injection between the sclera and tenon capsule

52
Q

subconjunctival injection

A

injection under the conjunctiva

53
Q

benefit of a subconjunctival injection

A

allows drug to bypass the corneal epithelium

54
Q

name a common contaminant of bottles

A

psuedomonas

55
Q

how long are bottles protected from contaminants

A

4 weeks

56
Q

how can we limit the systemic absorption of topical drugs in the eye

A

holding the tear duct shut