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ophthalmology > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is another name for the limbus

A

corneoscleral junction

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2
Q

name the 3 main layers of the eye

A

fibrous outer layer
vascular middle layer
inner photosensitive layer

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3
Q

what does the fibrous outer layer consist of

A

the sclera and the cornea

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4
Q

role of the sclera

A

attachment site for most of the extraocular muscles

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5
Q

role of the cornea

A

provides 2/3 of the refractive power of the eye

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6
Q

what does the vascular middle layer consist of

A

iris
ciliary body
choroid

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7
Q

anatomical position of the iris

A

lies on the anterior surface of the lens

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8
Q

role of the iris

A

controls pupil diameter to control the amount of light that reaches the retina

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9
Q

what are the 2 main components of the ciliary body

A

ciliary muscle attached to the lens by the ciliary process

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10
Q

name the 3 main roles of the ciliary body

A

adapts the shape of the lens
anchors the lens
produces aqueous humour

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11
Q

what is the choroid

A

a dense vascular bed covering most of the sclera

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12
Q

role of the choroid

A

nutrition and gas exchange to the outer layers of the retina

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13
Q

what is another name for the inner photosensitive layer of the eye

A

retina

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14
Q

what is the fundus

A

posterior area of the eye where light is focused

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15
Q

name the 3 main parts of the fundus

A

optic disc
macula
fovea

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16
Q

what causes a blind spot at the back of the eye

A

optic disc

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17
Q

what is the macula

A

centre of the retina where there is the greatest density of cones

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18
Q

what is the fovea

A

a depression at the centre of the macula

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19
Q

role of the fovea

A

high acuity vision

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20
Q

name the 3 main layers of the retina (from outwards in)

A

photoreceptors
ganglion cells
axons of the ganglion cells

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21
Q

where does the anterior segment of the eye lie

A

in front of the lens

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22
Q

what can the anterior segment be divided into

A

anterior and posterior chamber

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23
Q

where is the anterior chamber of the eye

A

between the cornea and iris

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24
Q

where is the posterior chamber of the eye

A

between the iris and suspensory ligaments

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25
Q

what fills the anterior segment

A

aqueous humour

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26
Q

where is the posterior segment found

A

behind the lens

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27
Q

what is found in the posterior segment

A

vitreous body which contains vitreous humour

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28
Q

where is the most common location for floaters

A

vitreous body

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29
Q

describe the flow of aqueous humor (4)

A
  1. ciliary body secretes it
  2. circulates in the posterior chamber to nourish the lens
  3. passes through the pupil into anterior chamber to nourish cornea
  4. reabsorbed into scleral venous sinus
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30
Q

what is another name for the scleral venous sinus

A

canal of schlemm

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31
Q

where is the scleral venous sinus found

A

at the iridocorneal angle

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32
Q

primary arterial supply of the eyeball

A

ophthalmic artery

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33
Q

arterial supply of the retina

A

central artery of the retina

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34
Q

what does the infraorbital artery supply

A

structures in the floor of the orbit

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35
Q

venous drainage of the eye

A

superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

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36
Q

venous drainage of the retina

A

central vein of the retina

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37
Q

what are meninges

A

protective coverings of the brain and spinal chord

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38
Q

name the 3 layers of meninges in the brain

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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39
Q

sensory supply of the dura mater

A

CN V

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40
Q

role of the dural mater

A

encloses dural venous sinuses

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41
Q

role of dural venous sinuses

A

drain deoxygenated blood from the brain back towards the internal jugular vein

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42
Q

what is the subarachnoid space

A

the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

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43
Q

what does the subarachnoid space contain

A

circulating CSF (and blood vessels)

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44
Q

role of CSF

A

completely surrounds the brain and the spinal chord and provides protection

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45
Q

how can we obtain a sample of CSF

A

lumbar puncture at L3/4 or L4/5 disc levels

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46
Q

where in the spinal chord does CSF end

A

inferiorly at vertebral level S2

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47
Q

role of the pia mater

A

completely adheres to the brain

48
Q

what is the largest venous sinus

A

superior sagittal sinus

49
Q

role of the intraventricular foramina of monroe

A

connects lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

50
Q

role of the cerebral aqueduct of sylvius

A

connects third ventricle to fourth

51
Q

role of the foramen of magendie and luschka

A

connect 4th ventricles to subarachnoid space

52
Q

where is CSF produced

A

in the choroid plexus

53
Q

what does the choroid plexus develop from

A

walls of the ventricles

54
Q

where is light from the left visual field processed

A

in the right primary visual cortex

55
Q

where is light from the right visual field processed

A

in the left primary visual cortex

56
Q

mnemonic for remembering the innervation of the extraocular muscles

A

LR 6 SO4 R3

57
Q

how many extraocular muscles do we have

A

7

58
Q

name the 3 main groups of extraocular muscles

A

recti and oblique muscles
levator palpebrae superioris

59
Q

role of recti and oblique muscles

A

eye movement

60
Q

role of levator palpebrae superioris

A

superior eyelid movement

61
Q

name the 7 muscles of the eye

A

levator palpebrae superioris
superior oblique
inferior oblique
superior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior rectus

62
Q

where do the recti muscles originate from

A

common tendinous ring

63
Q

where do recti muscles insert on the eye

A

onto the sclera

64
Q

where does the superior oblique originate from

A

sphenoid bone

65
Q

where does the inferior oblique originate from

A

orbital plate of the maxilla

66
Q

origin of the levator palpebrae superioris

A

lesser wing of the sphenoid

67
Q

insertion of the levator palpebrae superioris

A

skin and tarsus of the superior eyelid

68
Q

what assists the levator palpebrae superioris in opening the eye

A

Mueller’s muscle

69
Q

innervation of Mueller’s muscle

A

superior cervical chain

70
Q

role of the vertical axis of the eye

A

abduction and adduction

71
Q

role of the transverse axis of the eye

A

elevation and depression

72
Q

role of the anteroposterior axis of the eye

A

intorsion and extorsion of the eye

73
Q

role of the lateral rectus muscle

A

abduction of the eyeball

74
Q

role of the superior rectus muscle

A

elevates when in abduction

75
Q

role of the inferior rectus

A

depresses when in abduction

76
Q

role of the medial rectus

A

adducts the eyeball

77
Q

role of the inferior oblique

A

elevates when in adduction

78
Q

role of the superior oblique

A

depresses when in adduction

79
Q

what forms the roof of the orbit

A

frontal bone and lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

80
Q

what forms the floor of the orbit

A

maxilla, palatine and zygomatic bones

81
Q

what forms the medial wall of the orbit

A

ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal and sphenoid bones

82
Q

what forms the lateral wall of the orbit

A

zygomatic and greater wing of the sphenoid

83
Q

what does the optic canal transmit

A

optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery

84
Q

what does the superior orbital fissure transmit

A

lacrimal, frontal, trochlear, oculomotor, naso-ciliary and abducens nerves, also carries the superior ophthalmic vein

85
Q

what does the inferior orbital fissure transmit

A

zygomatic branch of the maxillary nerve
inferior ophthalmic vein
sympathetic nerves

86
Q

what supplies sensory innervation of the face

A

branches of CN V

87
Q

what is another name for CN V1

A

ophthalmic nerve

88
Q

what is another name for CN V2

A

maxillary nerve

89
Q

what is another name for CN V3

A

mandibular nerve

90
Q

what is supplied by the ophthalmic nerve

A

upper eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea

91
Q

what is supplied by the maxillary nerve

A

skin of the lower eyelid
skin over the maxilla

92
Q

what is supplied by the mandibular nerve

A

skin over the mandible and TMJ

93
Q

what is the exception to innervation by the mandibular nerve

A

angle of the mandible

94
Q

what is the corneal reflex

A

involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation of the cornea

95
Q

why do we have the corneal reflex

A

protects the eyes from foreign bodies and bright lights

96
Q

what is afferent

A

sensory

97
Q

what is efferent

A

motor

98
Q

sensory limb of the corneal reflex (3)

A
  1. action potentials conducted from cornea via CN V1 branches
  2. to trigeminal ganglion
  3. then along CN V to pons
99
Q

motor limb of the corneal reflex

A

action potentials conducted via CN VII to eyelid part of the orbicularis oculi

100
Q

sympathetic reflex of the eye

A

opens eye wider to get more light in

101
Q

parasympathetic reflex of the eye

A

protects the retina from bright light or when asleep
reflex lacrimation

102
Q

what allows wide eye opening of the eye

A

mueller’s muscle being sympathetically innervated

103
Q

what is a mydriatic pupil

A

a non-physiologically enlarged pupil

104
Q

what is a miotic pupil

A

non-physiologically restricted pupil

105
Q

give an example of when we may see a miotic pupil

A

horners syndrome

106
Q

when may we see a fixed pin point pupil

A

opiate drug use

107
Q

when may we see a fixed dilated (blown) pupil

A

CN III pathology

108
Q

describe the light reflex pathway

A
  1. light is shined in one eye
  2. action potentials reach pretectal nuclei
  3. stimulates both sides of eddinger-westphal nucleus
  4. generates action potentials through R+L oculomotor nerves causing both pupils to constrict
109
Q

what happens to ciliary muscle in far vision

A

relaxes causing ligament to tighten and lens to flatten

110
Q

what happens to ciliary muscle in near vision

A

contracts causing ligament to relax and lens to become spherical

111
Q

what are the 3 types of tears

A

basal, reflex and emotional

112
Q

role of basal tears

A

involved in corneal health

113
Q

role of reflex tears

A

extra tears in response to mechanical or chemical stimulation

114
Q

role of the vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

turns the eyes in the opposite direction to a head movement

115
Q

what is the oculocardiac reflex

A

reflex bradycardia in response to tension on extraocular muscles or pressure on the eye

ophthalmology (10 decks)

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