Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

ophthalmology > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is another name for the limbus

A

corneoscleral junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

name the 3 main layers of the eye

A

fibrous outer layer
vascular middle layer
inner photosensitive layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the fibrous outer layer consist of

A

the sclera and the cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

role of the sclera

A

attachment site for most of the extraocular muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

role of the cornea

A

provides 2/3 of the refractive power of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does the vascular middle layer consist of

A

iris
ciliary body
choroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

anatomical position of the iris

A

lies on the anterior surface of the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

role of the iris

A

controls pupil diameter to control the amount of light that reaches the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the 2 main components of the ciliary body

A

ciliary muscle attached to the lens by the ciliary process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

name the 3 main roles of the ciliary body

A

adapts the shape of the lens
anchors the lens
produces aqueous humour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the choroid

A

a dense vascular bed covering most of the sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

role of the choroid

A

nutrition and gas exchange to the outer layers of the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is another name for the inner photosensitive layer of the eye

A

retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the fundus

A

posterior area of the eye where light is focused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

name the 3 main parts of the fundus

A

optic disc
macula
fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what causes a blind spot at the back of the eye

A

optic disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the macula

A

centre of the retina where there is the greatest density of cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the fovea

A

a depression at the centre of the macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

role of the fovea

A

high acuity vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

name the 3 main layers of the retina (from outwards in)

A

photoreceptors
ganglion cells
axons of the ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where does the anterior segment of the eye lie

A

in front of the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what can the anterior segment be divided into

A

anterior and posterior chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where is the anterior chamber of the eye

A

between the cornea and iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where is the posterior chamber of the eye

A

between the iris and suspensory ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what fills the anterior segment

A

aqueous humour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where is the posterior segment found

A

behind the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is found in the posterior segment

A

vitreous body which contains vitreous humour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where is the most common location for floaters

A

vitreous body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

describe the flow of aqueous humor (4)

A
  1. ciliary body secretes it
  2. circulates in the posterior chamber to nourish the lens
  3. passes through the pupil into anterior chamber to nourish cornea
  4. reabsorbed into scleral venous sinus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is another name for the scleral venous sinus

A

canal of schlemm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where is the scleral venous sinus found

A

at the iridocorneal angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

primary arterial supply of the eyeball

A

ophthalmic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

arterial supply of the retina

A

central artery of the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does the infraorbital artery supply

A

structures in the floor of the orbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

venous drainage of the eye

A

superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

venous drainage of the retina

A

central vein of the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are meninges

A

protective coverings of the brain and spinal chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

name the 3 layers of meninges in the brain

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

sensory supply of the dura mater

A

CN V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

role of the dural mater

A

encloses dural venous sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

role of dural venous sinuses

A

drain deoxygenated blood from the brain back towards the internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the subarachnoid space

A

the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what does the subarachnoid space contain

A

circulating CSF (and blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

role of CSF

A

completely surrounds the brain and the spinal chord and provides protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

how can we obtain a sample of CSF

A

lumbar puncture at L3/4 or L4/5 disc levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

where in the spinal chord does CSF end

A

inferiorly at vertebral level S2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

role of the pia mater

A

completely adheres to the brain

48
Q

what is the largest venous sinus

A

superior sagittal sinus

49
Q

role of the intraventricular foramina of monroe

A

connects lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

50
Q

role of the cerebral aqueduct of sylvius

A

connects third ventricle to fourth

51
Q

role of the foramen of magendie and luschka

A

connect 4th ventricles to subarachnoid space

52
Q

where is CSF produced

A

in the choroid plexus

53
Q

what does the choroid plexus develop from

A

walls of the ventricles

54
Q

where is light from the left visual field processed

A

in the right primary visual cortex

55
Q

where is light from the right visual field processed

A

in the left primary visual cortex

56
Q

mnemonic for remembering the innervation of the extraocular muscles

A

LR 6 SO4 R3

57
Q

how many extraocular muscles do we have

58
Q

name the 3 main groups of extraocular muscles

A

recti and oblique muscles
levator palpebrae superioris

59
Q

role of recti and oblique muscles

A

eye movement

60
Q

role of levator palpebrae superioris

A

superior eyelid movement

61
Q

name the 7 muscles of the eye

A

levator palpebrae superioris
superior oblique
inferior oblique
superior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior rectus

62
Q

where do the recti muscles originate from

A

common tendinous ring

63
Q

where do recti muscles insert on the eye

A

onto the sclera

64
Q

where does the superior oblique originate from

A

sphenoid bone

65
Q

where does the inferior oblique originate from

A

orbital plate of the maxilla

66
Q

origin of the levator palpebrae superioris

A

lesser wing of the sphenoid

67
Q

insertion of the levator palpebrae superioris

A

skin and tarsus of the superior eyelid

68
Q

what assists the levator palpebrae superioris in opening the eye

A

Mueller’s muscle

69
Q

innervation of Mueller’s muscle

A

superior cervical chain

70
Q

role of the vertical axis of the eye

A

abduction and adduction

71
Q

role of the transverse axis of the eye

A

elevation and depression

72
Q

role of the anteroposterior axis of the eye

A

intorsion and extorsion of the eye

73
Q

role of the lateral rectus muscle

A

abduction of the eyeball

74
Q

role of the superior rectus muscle

A

elevates when in abduction

75
Q

role of the inferior rectus

A

depresses when in abduction

76
Q

role of the medial rectus

A

adducts the eyeball

77
Q

role of the inferior oblique

A

elevates when in adduction

78
Q

role of the superior oblique

A

depresses when in adduction

79
Q

what forms the roof of the orbit

A

frontal bone and lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

80
Q

what forms the floor of the orbit

A

maxilla, palatine and zygomatic bones

81
Q

what forms the medial wall of the orbit

A

ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal and sphenoid bones

82
Q

what forms the lateral wall of the orbit

A

zygomatic and greater wing of the sphenoid

83
Q

what does the optic canal transmit

A

optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery

84
Q

what does the superior orbital fissure transmit

A

lacrimal, frontal, trochlear, oculomotor, naso-ciliary and abducens nerves, also carries the superior ophthalmic vein

85
Q

what does the inferior orbital fissure transmit

A

zygomatic branch of the maxillary nerve
inferior ophthalmic vein
sympathetic nerves

86
Q

what supplies sensory innervation of the face

A

branches of CN V

87
Q

what is another name for CN V1

A

ophthalmic nerve

88
Q

what is another name for CN V2

A

maxillary nerve

89
Q

what is another name for CN V3

A

mandibular nerve

90
Q

what is supplied by the ophthalmic nerve

A

upper eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea

91
Q

what is supplied by the maxillary nerve

A

skin of the lower eyelid
skin over the maxilla

92
Q

what is supplied by the mandibular nerve

A

skin over the mandible and TMJ

93
Q

what is the exception to innervation by the mandibular nerve

A

angle of the mandible

94
Q

what is the corneal reflex

A

involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation of the cornea

95
Q

why do we have the corneal reflex

A

protects the eyes from foreign bodies and bright lights

96
Q

what is afferent

97
Q

what is efferent

98
Q

sensory limb of the corneal reflex (3)

A
  1. action potentials conducted from cornea via CN V1 branches
  2. to trigeminal ganglion
  3. then along CN V to pons
99
Q

motor limb of the corneal reflex

A

action potentials conducted via CN VII to eyelid part of the orbicularis oculi

100
Q

sympathetic reflex of the eye

A

opens eye wider to get more light in

101
Q

parasympathetic reflex of the eye

A

protects the retina from bright light or when asleep
reflex lacrimation

102
Q

what allows wide eye opening of the eye

A

mueller’s muscle being sympathetically innervated

103
Q

what is a mydriatic pupil

A

a non-physiologically enlarged pupil

104
Q

what is a miotic pupil

A

non-physiologically restricted pupil

105
Q

give an example of when we may see a miotic pupil

A

horners syndrome

106
Q

when may we see a fixed pin point pupil

A

opiate drug use

107
Q

when may we see a fixed dilated (blown) pupil

A

CN III pathology

108
Q

describe the light reflex pathway

A
  1. light is shined in one eye
  2. action potentials reach pretectal nuclei
  3. stimulates both sides of eddinger-westphal nucleus
  4. generates action potentials through R+L oculomotor nerves causing both pupils to constrict
109
Q

what happens to ciliary muscle in far vision

A

relaxes causing ligament to tighten and lens to flatten

110
Q

what happens to ciliary muscle in near vision

A

contracts causing ligament to relax and lens to become spherical

111
Q

what are the 3 types of tears

A

basal, reflex and emotional

112
Q

role of basal tears

A

involved in corneal health

113
Q

role of reflex tears

A

extra tears in response to mechanical or chemical stimulation

114
Q

role of the vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

turns the eyes in the opposite direction to a head movement

115
Q

what is the oculocardiac reflex

A

reflex bradycardia in response to tension on extraocular muscles or pressure on the eye

ophthalmology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions