Pharmacology Flashcards
what do lipid soluble drugs penetrate?
epithelium
what to water soluble drugs penetrate?
stroma
what to add to a steroid to make it more hydrophobic?
alcohol or acetate
what to add to a steroid to make it more hydrophilic?
phosphate
is prednisolone acetate hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophobic
does prednisolone acetate have good penetration of an uninflamed cornea?
yes
when is prednisolone acetate used?
post-operatively
is prednisolone phosphate hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
does prednisolone phosphate have good penetration of an uninflamed cornea?
no
when is prednisolone phosphate used?
low dose requirement, or cornea disease
preservative used to enhance corneal penetration
benzalkonium
what 2 preservatives can be added to enhance absorption by increasing viscosity and therefore contact time with cornea?
methylcellulose/polyvinyl alcohol
what is the name of the manoeuvre used to avoid systemic absorption of eye drops?
punctal occlusion
administration of a drug between the sclera and conjunctiva
subtenons
administration of a drug beneath the conjunctiva
subconjunctival
administration of a drug into the vitreous body
intravitreal
administration of a drug into anterior chamber of eye
intracameral
do systemic drugs have good penetration to the eye?
no
treatment for ophthalmic herpes zoster
systemic aciclovir
treatment for temporal arteritis
oral steroids
treatment for sarcoidosis
systemic steroids
4 eye-related side-effects of steroids
cataract, glaucoma, exacerbation of viral infection, raised intraocular pressure
list 5 topical steroids for the eyes from most to least potent
- prednisolone acetate 1%
- dexamethasone 0.1%
- betamethasone 0.1%
- prednisolone sodium sulphate 0.5%
- fluorometholone 0.1%
5 drugs that can be used to treat glaucoma
- prostaglandin analogues e.g. Latanoprost
- beta blockers
- carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
- sympathomimetics (alpha-2 adrenergic agonists)
- miotics e.g. pilocarpine
what can be used to see the back of the eye more clearly?
dilating drops
2 types of dilating drops
sympathomimetics, mydriatics
name 2 mydriatics
tropicamide, cyclopentolate
mydriatics mechanism of action
block parasympathetic supply to iris causing pupil to dilate
mydriatics side effect
cycloplegia (lens can’t focus)
sympathomimetics mechanism of action
act on sympathetic system causing pupil to dilate
name a sympathomimetic that causes cycloplegia
atropine
name a sympathomimetic that does not cause cycloplegia
phenyleprine
most commonly used diagnostic dye
fluorescein
