Pharmacology

Question 1

what do lipid soluble drugs penetrate?

Answer 1

epithelium

Question 2

what to water soluble drugs penetrate?

Answer 2

stroma

Question 3

what to add to a steroid to make it more hydrophobic?

Answer 3

alcohol or acetate

Question 4

what to add to a steroid to make it more hydrophilic?

Answer 4

phosphate

Question 5

is prednisolone acetate hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 5

hydrophobic

Question 6

does prednisolone acetate have good penetration of an uninflamed cornea?

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

when is prednisolone acetate used?

Answer 7

post-operatively

Question 8

is prednisolone phosphate hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 8

hydrophilic

Question 9

does prednisolone phosphate have good penetration of an uninflamed cornea?

Answer 9

no

Question 10

when is prednisolone phosphate used?

Answer 10

low dose requirement, or cornea disease

Question 11

preservative used to enhance corneal penetration

Answer 11

benzalkonium

Question 12

what 2 preservatives can be added to enhance absorption by increasing viscosity and therefore contact time with cornea?

Answer 12

methylcellulose/polyvinyl alcohol

Question 13

what is the name of the manoeuvre used to avoid systemic absorption of eye drops?

Answer 13

punctal occlusion

Question 14

administration of a drug between the sclera and conjunctiva

Answer 14

subtenons

Question 15

administration of a drug beneath the conjunctiva

Answer 15

subconjunctival

Question 16

administration of a drug into the vitreous body

Answer 16

intravitreal

Question 17

administration of a drug into anterior chamber of eye

Answer 17

intracameral

Question 18

do systemic drugs have good penetration to the eye?

Answer 18

no

Question 19

treatment for ophthalmic herpes zoster

Answer 19

systemic aciclovir

Question 20

treatment for temporal arteritis

Answer 20

oral steroids

Question 21

treatment for sarcoidosis

Answer 21

systemic steroids

Question 22

4 eye-related side-effects of steroids

Answer 22

cataract, glaucoma, exacerbation of viral infection, raised intraocular pressure

Question 23

list 5 topical steroids for the eyes from most to least potent

Answer 23

1. prednisolone acetate 1%
2. dexamethasone 0.1%
3. betamethasone 0.1%
4. prednisolone sodium sulphate 0.5%
5. fluorometholone 0.1%

Question 24

5 drugs that can be used to treat glaucoma

Answer 24

1. prostaglandin analogues e.g. Latanoprost
2. beta blockers
3. carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
4. sympathomimetics (alpha-2 adrenergic agonists)
5. miotics e.g. pilocarpine

Question 25

what can be used to see the back of the eye more clearly?

Answer 25

dilating drops

Question 26

2 types of dilating drops

Answer 26

sympathomimetics, mydriatics

Question 27

name 2 mydriatics

Answer 27

tropicamide, cyclopentolate

Question 28

mydriatics mechanism of action

Answer 28

block parasympathetic supply to iris causing pupil to dilate

Question 29

mydriatics side effect

Answer 29

cycloplegia (lens can’t focus)

Question 30

sympathomimetics mechanism of action

Answer 30

act on sympathetic system causing pupil to dilate

Question 31

name a sympathomimetic that causes cycloplegia

Answer 31

atropine

Question 32

name a sympathomimetic that does not cause cycloplegia

Answer 32

phenyleprine

Question 33

most commonly used diagnostic dye

Answer 33

fluorescein