Pharmacology Flashcards
Ceftriaxone
pharmacology
cephalosporin antibiotic (a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus Acremonium)
Midazolam
Pharmacology
A short-acting CNS depressant
Actions:
- Anxiolytic (a medication used to reduce anxiety)
- Sedative
- Anti-convulsant
Salbutamol
Pharmacology
A synthetic beta-adrenergic stimulant with primarily beta-2 effects
Actions:
- cause bronchodilation
Prochlorperazine
mode of action/pharmacology
Dopamine antagonist - antiemetic effects are primarily due to D2 receptor blockers. Also acts on other neurotransmitters systems including histaminic, cholinergic, and a-adrenergic receptors
Paracetamol
mode of action/pharmacology
Analgesic and antipyretic - exact mechanism of action is unclear, through to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS
Ondansetron
mode of action/pharmacology
5-HT3 antagonist - exact mode of action is not fully understood. RElease of serotonin (5-HT) is thought to trigger a vomiting reflex in both the peripheral (GIT) and central nervous system
normal saline
pharmacology
An isotonic crystalloid solution
Composition
- electrolytes (sodium and chloride in a similar concentration to that of extracellular fluid
Action
- increases the volume of the intravascular compartment
Naloxone
pharmacology
An opioid antagonist
Actions
- prevents or reverses the effects of opioids
Morphine
Pharmogology
An opioid analgesic
Actions:
CNS effects
- Depression leading to analgesia
- Respiratory depression
- depression of cough reflex
- stimulation leads to changes in mood, euphoria, or dyspnea (difficult or labored breathing)
- Dependence leading to addiction oria, vomiting, pinpoint pupils
Cardiovascular
- vasodilation
- decreases conduction velocity through the A-V Node
Methoxyflurane
mode of action/pharmacology
Inhaled anesthetic, that produces analgesia at low concentrations, however, the exact mode of action is unknown
Ketamine
mode of action
An anesthetic agent with analgesic properties at lower doses
Works as an antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. It may also interact with opioids, muscarinic and other receptors.
It produces a trance-like dissociative state with amnesia, with preservation of laryngeal and pharyngeal reflexes.
Ipratropium Bromide
pharmacology
Is an anticholinergic bronchodilator
Actions
allows bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic brochomotor tone )i.e. blocks vagal reflexes which mediate bronchoconstriction)
Glyceryl Trinitrate
Mode of action/pharmacology
- Is an organic nitrate that relaxes smooth muscle
- Venodilation promotes venous pooling reduces venous return to the heart and reduces preload
- Arteriodilation reduces systemic vascular resistance and arterial pressure which reduces afterload
It affects
- reduces myocardial O2 demand
- reduced systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood perfusion, whilst usually maintaining coronary perfusion pressure
- mild collateral coronary artery dilation may improve blood supply to ischaemic areas of the myocardium
- mild tachycardia secondary to a slight fall in BP
- Preterm labour: uterine quiescence in pregnancy
Glucagon
Pharmacology
A hormone normally secreted by the pancreas
Actions cause an increase in blood glucose concentration by converting stored liver glycogen and glucose
Dextrose 10%
Pharmacology
A slightly hypertonic crystalloid solution
It is composed of sugar (10% dextrose) and water
The actions
It provides a source of energy
and supplies the body water
Dexamethasone
Pharmacology
A corticosteroid secreted b the adrenal cortex
Its action
Relieves inflammatory reactions and provides immunosuppression
Fentanyl
Pharmacology
A synthetic opioid
CNS effects
- Depression leading to analgesia
- Respiratory depression leading to apnoea
- Dependence leading to addiction
Cardiovascular effects
- Decreases conduction velocity through the A-V node
Aspirin
Pharmacology
An analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet aggregation agent
Action
- to minimise platelet aggregation and thrombosis formation in order to retard the progression of coronary artery thrombosis in ACS
- Inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins - anti-inflammatory actions
Adrenaline
Pharmacology
A naturally occurring alpha and beta-adrenergic stimulant
Actions
- Increases HR by increasing SA node firing rate (Beta 1)
- Increases conduction velocity through the A-V node (Beta 1)
- Increase myocardial contractility (Beta 1)
- Increases the irritability of the ventricles (Beta 1)
- Causes bronchodilation (beta 2)
- Causes peripheral vasoconstriction (Alpha)
Olanzapine
Pharmacology
Atypical antipsychotic-antagonist at multiple receptor sites, particularly serotonin (5-HT), dopamine, and histamine
Heparin
Pharmacology
Anticoagulant
- Iactivates clotting factors IIa (thrombin) and Xa by binding to antithrombin III
Lidocaine
Pharmacology
Sodium channel blocker - interrupts impulse conduction in peripheral nerves and stabilises the excitable cell membrane
Oxytocin
Pharmacology
Synthetic pituitary hormone - stimulates uterine muscle contractions. Uterine atony (not contracting) is the most common cause of PPH
Tenecteplase
pharmacology
Fibrinolytic, a modified form of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) that binds to fibrin and converts plasminogen to plasmin
