pharmacology Flashcards
H-1 receptors are generally used to treat allergies and allergic rhinitis. Drugs that bind to H-2 receptors treat what
Drugs that bind to H-2 receptors treat upper gastrointestinal conditions that are caused by excessive stomach acid
A 24-year-old man complains of sinus congestion following a recent cold.
action of what drug for treatment
decongestant
Pseudoephedrine is an alpha and beta adrenergic agonist used to treat nasal and sinus congestion, as well as allergic rhinitis.
adrenaline dose in anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest
Recommend Adult Life Support (ALS) adrenaline doses
anaphylaxis: 0.5mg - 0.5ml 1:1,000 IM
cardiac arrest: 1mg - 10ml 1:10,000 IV or 1ml of 1:1000 IV
widenend QRS complex in overdose give what
IV bicarb
moa buprenorphine
Kappa-opioid receptor antagonism
mu-opioid receptor agonism.
This patient has presented with a history of opioid dependence which, despite therapy with methadone, is still causing persistent symptoms of cravings, low mood, anxiety, and difficulties with sleep and concentration. Given this patient has already trialled methadone, NICE guidelines advise that the next most appropriate medication to prescribe would be buprenorphine which is a partial agonist of the mu-opioid receptor and a kappa-opioid receptor antagonist. Antagonising kappa-opioid receptors can help to reduce symptoms of opioid withdrawal and potentially reduce depressive and dysphoric states and therefore help this patient’s symptoms, especially given the fact she has already tried methadone which is a mu-receptor agonist alone.
abx for campylobacter
azithromycin
abx for giardia
metronidazole
abx for cellulitis
fluclox
SE of ppi concering electrolyte balance
low magnesium
consider testing magnesium levels prior to treatment and periodically throughout long term treatment. In practice this is probably rarely done.
metformin can decrease what vitmain absorption
B12
causes of low magnesium
drugs
diuretics
proton pump inhibitors
total parenteral nutrition
diarrhoea
may occur with acute or chronic diarrhoea
alcohol
hypokalaemia
hypercalcaemia
e.g. secondary to hyperparathyroidism
calcium and magnesium functionally compete for transport in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
metabolic disorders
Gitleman’s and Bartter’s
moa aspirin
Non-reversible COX 1 and 2 inhibitor
t inhibits the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin, prostacyclin and thromboxane. Thromboxane A2 promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction
celecoxib and meloxicam moa and benefit compared to cox 1
Selective COX 2 inhibitors (such as celecoxib and meloxicam) act exclusively on the COX 2 pathway to prevent the production of prostaglandin and prostacyclin in order to produce anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. As they do not act on COX 1, they are not associated with the side effects of gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding seen in traditional non-selective NSAIDs. However, they promote platelet aggregation, and therefore a key side effect is cardiovascular events.
Dipyridamole moa
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors block the action of phosphodiesterase, resulting in reduced production of intracellular cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. There are several classes of this drug, depending on the location of action. Dipyridamole is a PDE3 inhibitor, which acts to reduce platelet aggregation. It is used in the secondary prevention of stroke and TIA.
clopidogrel and ticagrelor moa
P2Y12-ADP receptor antagonists
(such as clopidogrel and ticagrelor) act to prevent platelet activation and aggregation.
They are used acutely in acute coronary syndrome (in combination with aspirin), and for the secondary prevention of acute coronary syndrome and stroke/TIA.
