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Neuroscience > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

True or False? Atropine is an Alkaloid?

A

TRUE!! It is derived from the plant Atropa belladona

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2
Q

In what patients would you not administer Atropine?

A

Patients who had/have a history of near-angle of glaucoma

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3
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of atropine?

A

Treatment of Bradycardia
Myadriasis & Cyclopegia
Gastrointestinal spasms
Organophosphate poisoning

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4
Q

What are the adverse effects of Atropine ?

A

“Hot as a hare”- Atropine causes an increase in body temperature
“Dry as a bone”- It supresses sweating
“Blind as a bat” - Causes cyclopegia ( paralysis of cyliaris muscle) and blurry vision.
“Red as a beet” - It causes excessive vasodilation
“ Mad as a hatter” - Atropine causes disorientation
“Full as a flask” - urinary retention in men with prostatic hyperplasia

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5
Q

True or False? Atropine reduces bronchial secretions and stimulates bronchoconstriction.

A

FALSE!! Atropine reduces bronchial secretions and stimulates BRONCHODILATION.

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6
Q

Which drugs are used to treat Parkinsons disease?

A

Benztropine, trihexyphenidyl and orphenadrine
“ Park my Benz “

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7
Q

What is the drug Scopolamine used to treat?

A

Motion sickness
“ Please scope the motion” lol

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8
Q

Which cholinomimetic drug is used as a bronchodilator in acute asthma & COPD?

A

Ipratropium Bromide

” I PRAy I can breath soon”

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9
Q

What is the function of Tiotropium?

A

It’s a long acting drug used in the treatment of COPD.
“COPD TIO is ipratropium “

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10
Q

Fill in the blanks ‘__________ can be used to reduce bladder spasms and urge urinary incontinence (overactive bladder)’

A

Oxybutynin

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11
Q

Which drug can be use to reduce airway secretions as well as treat drooling and peptic ulcers?

A

Glycopyrrolate

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12
Q

True or False? Hyoscyamine and dicyclomine are antispasmodics for irritable bowel syndrome?

A

TRUE!!!

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13
Q

Where are β1 receptors found?

A

Heart
Adipose tissue
Juxta-glomerular apparatus

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14
Q

Where are β2 receptors found?

A

In the lungs arterioles, bronchial smooth muscle

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15
Q

Where are β3 receptors located?

A

In adipose tissue

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16
Q

Which drugs prevent the release of NE from the nerve terminal?

A

Bretylium and Guanethidine

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17
Q

What is the function of the drug metyrosine?

A

It blocks the action of tyrosine hydroxylase in the process of forming NE&E

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18
Q

Which drug blocks the VMAT that moves DOPAMINE into the synaptic vesicle?

A

Reserpine

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19
Q

If there is a decrease in heart rate, force or contractility and conduction of velocity , what receptors present on the SA/AV node are present?

A

M2 receptors ( If there is a DECREASE its normally parasympathetic meaning muscarinic receptors)

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20
Q

If there is a increase in heart rate, force or contractility and conduction of velocity , what receptors present on the SA/AV node are present?

A

B1 receptors (If there is a INCREASE its normally parasympathetic meaning adrenergic receptors)

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21
Q

What type of drug is Norepinephrine?

A

It is a α and β agonist

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22
Q

What is Norepinephrine used for the treatment of?

A

Acute hypotension and Cardiac Arrest

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23
Q

What type of drug is Epinephrine?

A

It is a α and β agonist

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24
Q

Which drug is used in the treatment of Asthma, anaphylactic shock, cardiac arrest?

A

Epinephrine
( remember epi pen )

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25
Q

What effect will the drug lsoproterenol have on the blood pressure and heart rate?

A

It will cause an INCREASE in the heart rate and a DECREASE in the blood pressure

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26
Q

True or False? lsoproterenol is a alpha- agonist (non-selective)

A

FALSE!! It is a BETA- agonist (non-selective )

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27
Q

What is lsoproterenol used in the treatment for?

A

It is used for the treatment of cardiac arrest , shock and bronchospasm

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28
Q

Which drug is a β 1agonist ?

A

Dobutamine

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29
Q

Which drug is used for treatment of cariogenic shock and heart failure?

A

Dobutamine

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30
Q

Which directly acting sympathomimetic drug is used to treat nasal congestion, hypotension, ischemic priapism and ocular procedures?

A

Phenylephrine

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31
Q

What type of drug is Phenylephrine?

A

α 1 agonist ( so is oxymetazoline)

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32
Q

True or False? A patient who is given phenylephrine will have an increase in their blood pressure?

A

TRUE!! ( it is a vasoconstrictor)

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33
Q

Which drug is a β 2 agonist ?

A

Salbutamol

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34
Q

Fill in the blank. “ Salbutamol is used in the treatment for?”

A

Asthma and Premature labour

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35
Q

Which other drugs that are β 2 agonist can be used in the treatment for asthma and premature labour?

A

Albuterol and terbutaline (used for bronchospasm and tocolysis ( to prevent baby from being born early)

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36
Q

What are the adverse effects of using Salbutamol?

A

Tachycardia, dysrhythmias, tremor

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37
Q

Which drugs are indirecting sympathomimetic agents?

A

M-Methyldopa
A-Amphetamine
T-Tyramine
R-Reserpine
I-Imipramine
C- Cocaine
E- Ephedrine

MATRICE

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38
Q

Which indirectly acting sympathomimetic drugs affect NE release?

A

T - Tyramine
E - Ephedrine
A- Amphetamine
R - Reserpine
“It TEARs my heart to affect NE release”

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39
Q

What drug affects the synthesis of Nor- Epinephrine and is used to treat hypertension in pregnancy?

A

Methyldopa

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40
Q

What drug affects the NE reuptake and is used to treat Depression and Enuresis(loss of bladder control)?

A

Imipramine
“ Imi is depressed and loves to pee”

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41
Q

What are the adverse effects of using Methyldopa?

A

Hypotension, Direct coombs haemolysis , drug induced lupus

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42
Q

What drug is used in the the treatment of ADHD and is a CNS stimulant in Narcolepsy, and a appetite suppressant?

A

Amphetamine

43
Q

True or False? After administering NE, there is an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in heart rate.

A

TRUE!!

44
Q

Which drugs are α- antagonists that are non-selective?

A

Phentolamine
Phenoxybenzamine

45
Q

What condition are the drugs Phentolamine and Phenoxybenzamine used to treat for?

A

Pheochromocytoma

46
Q

What type of dugs are Prazosin,Doxazosin and Terazosin

A

Alpha 1- antagonist
“ osins are α1 antagonists”

47
Q

What are the drugs Prazosin,Doxazosin and Terazosin used to treat for?

A

Hypertension &PTSD(Prazosin)

48
Q

Which drug is an α 1A antagonist and what is it used to treat for?

A

Tamsulosin and is used for treatment of Prostatic Hyperplasia.

49
Q

Which drug is α 2 antagonist and what is used to treat for?

A

Mirtazapine and Depression

50
Q

Which drugs are beta-blockers?

A

Acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, esmolol, labetalol, metoprolol, nadolol, nebivolol, pindolol, propranolol, timolol.

The “ lols”
“lol I blocked you “

51
Q

Which drug is a non- selective beta blocker ?

A

Propanolol and Timolol

52
Q

What happens when a patient is given Propanol?

A

There is a decrease in Heart rate and decrease in blood pressure

53
Q

What is the drug Propranolol used in treatment for?

A

Angina, arrhythmias , anxiety and hypertension
“AAAH!! use propranolol”

54
Q

What is an adverse effect of using Propranolol?

A

It can cause bronchoconstriction.

55
Q

Which drugs are β 1antagonist?

A

Bisoprolol
Betaxolol
Atenolol
Metoprolol
Nebivolol

“Not damn but BBAMN”

56
Q

What are β 1antagonist used in treatment for?

A

Angina, arrhythmias , anxiety and hypertension

57
Q

Which drug causes a decreased production of auqeous humour in Glaucoma patients.

A

Timolol

58
Q

Which drugs are non selective α and β antagonists?

A

carvedilol and labetalol

59
Q

Which drugs are used in the treatment of heart failure?

A

Bisoprolol, Carvedilol, Metoprolol

(β -Blockers Curb Mortality)

60
Q

True or False? Alpha antagonists causes a decrease in blood pressure and a reflex increase in heart rate?

A

TRUE !!!

61
Q

What is the name of the drug that can block the Sodium potassium pump?

A

Ouabain

62
Q

Which drugs are inhibitors of Ach release in the skeletal neuromuscular junction?

A

AMINOGYCOSIDES, MAGNESIUM

BOTULIN TOXIN, b-BUNGAROTOXIN

NEUROTOXINS:
SAXITOXIN,TETRODOTOXIN, CIGUATOXIN

63
Q

In which type of persons, when administering inhibitors of Ach release such as Aminoglycosides should you be cautious with?

A

Persons with Myesthenia Gravis

64
Q

Where is saxitoxin found and what is its mechanism of action?

A

Found in algae(red tide).It binds fast voltage- gated Na+channels in cardiac/nerve tissue, preventing depolarization.(blocking neuronal Na)

65
Q

Which toxin can be found in Pufferfish and what is its mechanism of action?

A

Tetrodotoxin- It binds fast voltage- gated Na+channels in cardiac/nerve tissue, preventing depolarization.(blocking neuronal Na)

66
Q

Which toxin has its mechanism of action as opening Na+ channels, causing depolarization?

A

Ciguatoxin

67
Q

What toxin is produce by the species Gambierdiscus toxicus?

A

Ciguatoxin

68
Q

What are examples of Non- depolarising drugs interfering with the postsynaptic action of Ach?

A

d-TUBOCURARINE
PANCURONIUM
VECURONIUM
ATRACURIUM
ALCURONIUM
ROCURONIUM
MIVACURIUM

69
Q

What is the mechanism of action for these non-depolarising drugs?

A

Competitive antagonist of nicotinic receptors. They bind to and prevents the action of Ach, decrease AP development

70
Q

What are examples of Depolarising drugs that interfering with the postsynaptic action of Ach?

A

Succinlycholine

71
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Succinylcholine?

A

Strong ACh receptor agonist; produces sustained depolarization and prevents muscle contraction.

72
Q

What drugs can be given as a reversal of blockade for non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking drugs?

A

Neostigmine + Atropine
(or any cholinesterase inhibitor)

73
Q

What are the adverse effects of Succinylcholine?

A

Hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia, Fasiculations

74
Q

Which drugs are metabolised by pseudocholinesterases?

A

Succinylcholine & Mivacurium

75
Q

What is the main excretory pathway for drugs Pancurium and D-Tubocarine?

A

Renal Excretion

76
Q

How are drugs Alcuronium&
Vecuronium excreted?

A

Hepatic excretion
Vecuronium - Excreted in bile

77
Q

What are examples of muscle relaxants used at the Neuromuscular Junction?

A

Succinylcholine
Mivacurium
Dantrolene
Botulinum toxin

78
Q

What are muscle relaxants used at the Spinal cord?

A

Baclofen
Diazepam
Tizanidine

79
Q

What type of receptors does the drug Dantrolene bind to?

A

Ryanodine Receptors
(RyR1)

80
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the drug Dantrolene?

A

Prevents release of Cal+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle by inhibiting the ryanodine receptor.

Preventing skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling

81
Q

What is the clinical use of Dantrolene?

A

Used in the treatment of malignant hypothermia that can be caused by succinylcholine

82
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the drug Baclofen?

A

*Agonist at GABA-B receptors in the spinal cord
* Action is at pre-synaptic and post-synaptic receptors to reduce motor neuron activation

83
Q

What is the clinical use for Baclofen?

A

Muscle spasticity, dystonia,
mu ltiple sclerosis.

84
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Diazepam?

A

Potentiates GABA-A action by increase frequency of Cl- channel opening (Decrease motor neuron activation)

85
Q

What is the clinical use for Diazepam?

A

Anxiety, panic disorder, spasticity, status epilepticus

86
Q

What type of drug is Tizanidine?

A

Alpha 2 agonist

87
Q

What is the Mechanism of action for Tizanidine?

A

Acts presynaptic at the spinal level to inhibit the release of glutamate and thus motor neuron activation

88
Q

What is the clinical use for Tizanidine?

A

Muscle spasticity, multiple sclerosis, ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) , cerebral palsy.

89
Q

How is Edrophonium used to diagnose Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Edrophonium is a short-acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, allowing more acetylcholine to attach to the nicotinic receptors that are still functioning, restoring strength. If the patient improved after administration, it was suggestive of the disease.

Positive results indicate the presence of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies

90
Q

Which drug can be used to differentiate Myasthenia Gravis from cholinergic crisis and what is the response?

A

Edrophonium

Both conditions can result in muscle weakness but myasthenic weakness substantially improved by edrophonium; cholinergic weakness is aggravated.

91
Q

Which organophosphate is NOT a highly lipid soluble ?

A

Echothiophate

92
Q

How are Orgonophosphates Irreversible anticholinesterases?

A

They interact with esteratic site of acetylcholinesterase

93
Q

What is another name for Adrenergic agonists?

A

Sympathomimetics

94
Q

Which two alpha antagonist drugs (non-selective) are used in the treatment of Pheochromocytoma?

A

Phentolamine &
Phenoxybenzamine

95
Q

What type of Alpha 1 selective antagonists are used in the treatment of Hypertension?

A

Prazosin
Doxazosin
Terazosin

96
Q

What type of Alpha 1 selective antagonists are used in the treatment of Benign Prostatic hyperplasia ?

A

Tamsulosin

97
Q

True or False? Alpha antagonists ( non-selective and selective) results in vasodilation causing a DECREASE in BP and a INCREASE in HR due to reflex .

A

TRUE!!

98
Q

Give an example of an Alpha 2 antagonist ?

A

Mirtazapine- used to treat depression

99
Q

Which drugs are non-selective beta blockers?

A

Nadolol, pindolol (partialagonist), propranolol, timolol

100
Q

Which beta blocker can be used to treat Hyperthyroidism?

A

Propanolol

101
Q

Which beta blocker is used in the treatment of Glaucoma causing a decreased production of aqueous humour?

A

Timolol
Betaxolol( beta 1selective)

102
Q

What is an adverse effect of Non-selective beta blockers?

A

Bronchoconstriction
- Don’t use in asthma patients

103
Q

Which beta-blocker causes Vasodilation by inducing the release of Nitric Oxide?

A

Nebivolol

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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