Pharmacology Flashcards
Adrenaline Drug class and Pharmacology
Drug class Sympathomimetic
Pharmacology
Adrenaline is a naturally occurring catecholamine which primarily acts on Alpha (α) and Beta (β) adrenergic receptors. The actions of these receptors cause an increase in heart rate (β1), increase in the force of myocardial contraction (β1), increase in the irritability of the ventricles (β1), bronchodilation (β2) and peripheral
vasoconstriction (α1).
Adrenaline Metabolism
Metabolism
The majority of circulating adrenaline is metabolised by sympathetic nerve endings. It is subject to the process of mitochondrial enzymatic breakdown by monoamine oxidase at the synaptic level.
Aspirin Drug class and Pharmacology
Drug class Antiplatelet
Pharmacology
Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation by irreversibly inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase, reducing the synthesis of thromboxane A2 (an inducer of platelet aggregation) for the life of the platelet. This action forms the basis of preventing platelets from
aggregating to exposed collagen fibres at the site of
vascular injury.
Aspirin Metabolism
Metabolism
Aspirin is converted to salicyclic acid in many tissues, but primarily in the GI mucosa and liver. It is subsequently excreted by the kidneys.
Box Jellyfish Antivenom
Drug class, pharmacology and metabolism
Drug class Antivenom
Pharmacology
Box Jellyfish antivenom contains concentrated immunoglobulin that acts to neutralise the toxins present in the venom of the box
jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri ).
Metabolism
In muscle tissue and the liver.
Ceftriaxone
Drug class, pharmacology and metabolism
Drug class Antibiotic
Pharmacology
Ceftriaxone is third generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a bactericidal action.
Metabolism
Ceftriaxone is excreted as a variety of active and inactive metabolites from the body through urine, bile and faeces.
Fentanyl
Drug class Narcotic analgesic
Pharmacology
Fentanyl is a synthetic narcotic analgesic that acts on the central nervous system by binding with the opioid receptors
Metabolism
Hepatic metabolism and renal excretion.[
Glucagon
Drug class Hyperglycaemic
Pharmacology
Glucagon is a hyperglycaemic agent that mobilises hepatic glycogen, which is released into the blood as glucose
Metabolism
Glucagon is metabolised by the liver, kidneys and in the plasma.
Glucose 10%
Drug class Hyperglycaemic
Pharmacology
Glucose is a sugar that is the principal energy source for body cells, especially the brain.
Metabolism
Broken down in most tissues and distributed throughout total body water.
Glucose Gel
Drug class Hyperglycaemic
Pharmacology
Glucose gel is a form of pure glucose that is absorbed quickly in the intestinal tract after ingestion. It is the principal energy source
for body cells especially the brain.
Metabolism
Glucose is broken down in most tissues and distributed throughout total body water.
GTN
Drug class Vasodilator
Pharmacology Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is a potent vasodilator that decreases preload by increasing venous capacity, pooling venous blood in the peripheral veins, reducing ventricular filling pressure and decreasing arterial blood pressure (after load). Because of this cascade it also causes vasodilation in coronary arteries that are in spasm and may assist the redistribution of blood flow along the collateral channels in the heart.
Metabolism
GTN is readily absorbed and metabolised by the liver.
Ipratropium Bromide
Drug class Anticholinergic agent
Pharmacology
Ipratropium bromide is an antimuscarinic agent which promotes bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone.
Metabolism
Hepatic with excretion by the kidneys
Methoxyflurane
Drug class Analgesic (at low doses)
Pharmacology
Methoxyflurane is an inhalation agent providing analgesia at low concentrations. Methoxyflurane is more susceptible to metabolism than other halogenated ethers and has a greater propensity to
diffuse into fatty tissue.
Metabolism
By the liver and excreted mainly by the lungs
Metoclopramide
Drug class Antiemetic
Pharmacology
Metoclopramide hydrochloride is a dopamine receptor antagonist. It works by inhibiting gastric smooth muscle relaxation, accelerating intestinal transit and gastric emptying. Further, it raises the threshold of chemoreceptor trigger zone in the floor of the fourth ventricle.
Metabolism
By the liver and excreted by the kidneys
Midazolam
Drug class Benzodiazepine (short acting )
Pharmacology [1]
Midazolam hydrochloride is a short acting central NS depressant that induces amnesia, anaesthesia, hypnosis and sedation. It achieves this by enhancing the action of inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). Depressant effects occur at all
levels of the CNS.
Metabolism
By the liver and excreted by the kidneys
Morphine
Drug class Narcotic analgesic
Pharmacology
Morphine is a narcotic analgesic that acts on the central nervous system by binding with opioid receptors, altering processes affecting pain perception and emotional response to pain.It also combines to cause respiratory depression, decreases in the gag reflex, decreases in the rate of AV node conduction and vasodilation.
Metabolism
By the liver, kidneys and lungs.[
Naloxone
Drug class Opioid antagonist
Pharmacology
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that prevents or reverses the effects of opioids including respiratory depression, sedation and hypotension. Naloxone antagonises the opioid effects by competing for the same receptor sites.
Metabolism
Hepatic.
Ondansetron
Drug class Anti-emetic
Pharmacology
Ondansetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist used primarily as an antiemetic following surgery or chemotherapy. Its effects are thought to be on both peripheral and central nerves.
Ondansetron reduces the activity of the vagus nerve, which activates the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata, and also blocks serotonin receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone.
Metabolism
The majority of circulating ondansetron is metabolised by the liver and excreted by the kidneys.
Oxygen
Drug class
Gas
Pharmacology
A colourless, odourless gas essential for the production of cellular energy that constitutes 21% of the atmosphere.
Metabolism
N/A.
Paracetamol
Drug class Analgesic
Pharmacology
Paracetamol is a ρ-aminophenol derivative that exhibits analgesic and antipyretic activity. It does not possess significant anti-inflammatory activity.
Metabolism
By the liver, excreted by the kidneys.
Salbutamol
Drug class Beta-adrenergic agonist
Pharmacology
Salbutamol is a direct acting sympathomimetic agent which mainly effects Beta 2 (ß2)–drenoceptors. It primarily acts as a bronchodilator but also has inotropic and chronotropic actions. Additionally it lowers serum potassium levels through its direct stimulation of the sodium/potassium ATPase pump, drawing
potassium into cells.
Metabolism
Hepatic with excretion by the kidneys.
Sodium chloride 0.9%
Drug class Isotonic crystalloid solution
Pharmacology
Sodium chloride 0.9% is an isotonic crystalloid that acts as a vehicle for many parenteral drugs and as an electrolyte replenisher for maintenance or replacement of fluid deficits.
Metabolism
This drug has 100% bioavailability. Excess sodium is predominantly excreted by the kidneys.
