Pharmacology Flashcards
Paracetamol Pharmacology
An analgesic action
Action is unclear, thought to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in CNS
Liver breakdown excreted by kidneys
Ketamine Pharmacology
Anesthetic agent with analgesic properties at low doses
Unclear but primarily works as an antagonist at N-methyl-d-asparate (NMDA). Ketamine may also interact with opiod muscarinic and other receptors. Produces a trance like state with amnesia, with preservation of laryngeal and pharyngeal reflexes
Morphine Pharmacology
Opioid analgesic
Actions
5 CNS effects
1. Depression
2. Respiratory depression
3. Depression of cough reflex
4. Stimulation (changes mood, euphoria or dysphoria, vomiting, pin point pupils)
5. Dependence (addiction)
2 Cardiovascular effects
1. Vasodilation
2. Decreases conduction velocity through the A-V Node
liver breakdown excreted by kidneys
Fentanyl Pharmacology
A synthetic opioid analgesic
Actions 4
CNS Effects
1. Depression - leading to analgesia
2. Respiratory depression - leading to apnoea
3. Dependence (addiction)
Cardiovascular effects
4. Decrease conduction velocity through the A-V node
liver breakdown excreted by kidneys
Methoxyflurane Pharmacology
Inhalational analgesic at low concentrations
breakdown liver excreted by lungs
Glyceryl Trinitrate Pharmacology
Principally, a vascular smooth muscle relaxant
actions:
1. Venous dilatation promotes venous pooling and reduces venous return to the heart (reduces preload)
2. Arterial dilatation reduces systemic vascular resistance and arterial pressure (reduces afterload)
THE EFFECTS OF THE ABOVE ARE
-Reduced myocardial O2 demand
-Reduced SBP and DBP and MAP whilst usually maintaining coronary perfusion pressure
-Mild collateral coronary arterial dilatation may improve blood supply to ischaemic areas of myocardium
-Mild tachycardia secondary to slight fall in BP
-Preterm labour uterine quiescence in pregnancy
liver breakdown
Heparin Pharmacology
Anticoagulant
Inactivates clotting factors IIa (thrombin) and Xa by binding to antithrombin III
Liver breakdown excreted by kidneys
Ventolin Pharmacology
A synthetic beta adrenergic stimulant with primarily beta 2 effects
Actions
- Causes Bronchodilation
Liver breakdown excreted by kidneys
Ipratropium Bromide Pharmacology
Anticholinergic bronchodilator
Action
Allows bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic bronchomotor tone (blocks vagal reflexes which mediate bronchoconstriction)
Excreted by kidneys
Dexamethasone Pharmacology
A corticosteroid secreted by adrenal cortex
ACTIONS
-Relieves inflammatory reactions
-Provides immunosuppression
liver and other tissue breakdown excreted mainly by Kidney
Na Saline Pharmacology
An isotonic crystalloid solution
Composition
- Electrolytes (sodium and chloride in a similar concentration to that of extracellular fluid)
Action
-Increases the volume of the intravascular compartment
Excreted by Kidneys
Olanzapine Pharmacology
Atypical antipsychotic - Antagonist at multiple receptor sites, particularly serotonin (5- HT), dopamine and histamine
Midazolam Pharmacology
Short acting CNS depressant
Action:
-Anxiolytic
-Sedative
-Anticonvulsant
Liver excreted by kidneys
Adrenaline Pharmacology
Naturally occurring alpha and beta - adrenergic stimulant
Actions
- Increases HR by increasing SA Node firing rate (beta 1)
- Increases conduction velocity through the AV node (beta 1)
- Increases myocardial contractility (beta 1)
- Increases the irritability of the ventricles (beta 1)
- Causes bronchodilation (beta 2)
- causes peripheral vasoconstriction (alpha)
Metabolised by Monoamine oxidase and other enzymes in the blood, liver and nerve endings. excreted by kidneys
Aspirin Pharmacology
An antipyretic, anti inflammatory and antiplatelet aggregation agent
Actions
- To minimise platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in order to retard the progress of coronary artery thrombus in ACS
- Inhibits synthesis of protaglandins - anti inflammatory actions
liver and gut coverts to salicylate excreted by kidneys
